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2001, Número 2

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Salud Mental 2001; 24 (2)


Synaptic plasticity : Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of learning and memory. Part I

Leff P, Romo-Parra H, Medécigo M, Gutiérrez R, Anton B

Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 66
Paginas: 43-49
Archivo PDF: 128.01 Kb.


RESUMEN

Uno de los fenómenos más interesantes dentro del campo de la neurobiología, es el fenómeno de la plasticidad cerebral relacionada con los eventos de aprendizaje y el procesamiento del fenómeno de memoria. De hecho, estos fenómenos neurobiológicos empezaron a ser estudiados desde principios de siglo. Remotamente, el fenómeno de plasticidad cerebral en relación con el desarrollo y aprendizaje de las conductas fue ya concebido y cuestionado desde hace más de dos centurias. Sin embargo, desde hace cuatro décadas, múltiples evidencias experimentales han demostrado que tanto la experiencia o el entrenamiento en la ejecución de tareas operantes aprendidas, inducen cambios plásticos en la fisiología neuronal, incluyendo los cambios neuroquímicos y moleculares que se requieren para consolidar una memoria a largo plazo. Asimismo, diversos procedimientos experimentales han demostrado que la experiencia diferencial, el entrenamiento y el aprendizaje de conductas o la experiencia informal, producen cambios mensurables en el cerebro de los mamíferos. Más aún, la neuropsicología ha considerado desde hace varias décadas que diferentes tipos de memoria pueden ser localizados en diferentes circuitos neuronales en distintas áreas de la corteza cerebral. Sin embargo, los estudios recientes han demostrado que los sistemas de memoria están distribuidos en circuitos neuronales corticales específicos. Por ejemplo, los mismos sistemas corticales que procesan la percepción sensorial y la función motora, son los mismos sustratos neurales que se emplean para procesar los fenómenos de memorización. El fenómeno de la memoria y el aprendizaje es resultado de la actividad fisiológica repetitiva de millones de neuronas que, ensambladas en circuitos neuronales específicos, conllevan al reforzamiento de las conexiones sinápticas involucradas y a los cambios de plasticidad sináptica que se requieren para establecer estos fenómenos neurobiológicos. El fenómeno de potenciación a largo plazo, o LTP, es un evento neurofisiológico que resulta del incremento en el reforzamiento de la transmisión sináptica, que puede perdurar en las regiones cerebrales estudiadas desde horas a días. El modelo de LTP quizá representa el modelo funcional experimental más viable para entender las bases celulares del aprendizaje y la memoria en el SNC de los mamíferos, incluyendo el cerebro de los humanos.


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