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2003, Número 2

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Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2003; 41 (2)


Plasticidad cerebral. Parte 2

Aguilar RF

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 55
Paginas: 133-142
Archivo PDF: 215.75 Kb.


RESUMEN

La plasticidad sináptica explica la recuperación de la función y la compensación que sigue a una lesión neurológica, mediante la modificación funcional y reorganización estructural del sistema nervioso. Estos cambios han sido demostrados a través de la investigación en modelos animales y en humanos. En dichos estudios se ha determinado que existen periodos críticos en el desarrollo de funciones neurológicas como la visión o la sustitución sensorial. En estos periodos pueden desencadenarse mecanismos como la facilitación, potenciación a largo plazo, inhibición y depresión, los cuales permiten modificaciones en la neurotransmisión, en la cantidad o sensibilidad de los receptores. Aun cuando la plasticidad neural es evidente sobre todo durante la etapa de desarrollo, esta capacidad del cerebro persiste a lo largo de la vida, si bien en menor grado. Respecto a la reorganización de los sistemas neurales, la investigación se ha centrado en la maleabilidad de los mapas somatosensitivos. Por otro lado, han surgido nuevos métodos y técnicas para evaluar con eficacia y certeza la recuperación: la neuroima-gen, el estudio del flujo sanguíneo cerebral, del metabolismo, de la función eléctrica y la respuesta de la función cerebral. En suma, la expresión de la plasticidad cerebral ante el daño neurológico, la capacidad de las neuronas para cambiar su función, perfil químico o estructura, son nuevos marcos conceptuales involucrados en la restauración cerebral.


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