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2022, Número 4

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Enf Infec Microbiol 2022; 42 (4)


Mpox (viruela del simio, viruela del mono, Monkeypox). Una enfermedad endémica en África y emergente en el mundo

Rodríguez NE, González DE, Pérez GHR, Esparza AS, Escobedo SR, Vázquez LM, Aguirre DSA, Morfín OR

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 73
Paginas: 157-164
Archivo PDF: 169.00 Kb.


RESUMEN

La viruela del simio es una enfermedad emergente en 2022; es endémica en el continente africano en regiones con bosques tropicales. La aparición de casos y brotes de baja intensidad exportados de África a otras partes del mundo ocurrió antes del año 2022. La epidemia comenzó en los primeros meses de dicho año, relacionada principalmente con la trasmisión por contacto cercano mediante lesiones cutáneas durante actividad sexual. Los primeros reportes se hicieron en mayo en Reino Unido, rápidamente otros países fueron afectados: Estados Unidos, España y Portugal, entre otros. Para el 7 de septiembre 79 países más habían informado casos hasta alcanzar un total mundial acumulado de 56 362. En esa fecha México había reportado 788 pacientes. La enfermedad se caracteriza por un pródromo con fiebre, calosfríos y linfadenopatía. A esta fase inicial le sigue una etapa eruptiva, con duración de entre siete a 14 días, caracterizada por la aparición de lesiones cutáneas que evolucionan de máculas-pápulas a vesículas, pústulas y costras. En esta epidemia las lesiones cutáneas son en menor cantidad y se concentran sobre todo en las áreas genital, perigenital y perianal. El diagnóstico de laboratorio se sustenta en la detección de ADN viral de las lesiones y exudados a través de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Se dispone de tratamiento antiviral (principalmente tecovirimat) y de vacunas (JYNNEOS y ACAM2000), herramientas fundamentales para el manejo de la enfermedad y el control epidémico.


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