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2022, Número 4

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Enf Infec Microbiol 2022; 42 (4)


Vacunas contra el SARS-COV-2: aspectos generales y efectos adversos

Callejas D, Moreira R, Cañarte AJ, Mosquera SJA

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 106
Paginas: 165-180
Archivo PDF: 348.58 Kb.


RESUMEN

El impacto de la enfermedad por el SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) plantea grandes retos tanto en la salud como en la economía mundial, lo que ameritó medidas para el control de la enfermedad. La preparación de vacunas contra este microorganismo ha sido la tarea más apremiante para el control de esta pandemia. Se han creado varios candidatos de vacunas en diferentes centros académicos y farmacológicos basados en diferentes tecnologías. Entre estas plataformas de estudio están las vacunas de ARNM, las de ADN, las producidas con virus vectores inactivados o atenuados, las creadas con unidades de proteínas y las elaboradas con partículas proteicas artificiales que asemejan al virus. Actualmente estas vacunas se encuentran en diferentes fases de estudios y otras ya se han suministrado a un gran porcentaje de la población mundial. Los efectos adversos locales y sistémicos generalmente son leves o moderados y temporales; sin embargo, se han presentado casos minoritarios de reacciones adversas a estas vacunas, algunas menores y otras graves, como es el caso de las reacciones anafilácticas dependientes de IgE y las no dependientes de IgE (reacciones anafilactoides), así como recciones no esperadas en personas con un basamento autoinmune. Dichas reacciones se han referido a la presencia de los excipientes de las vacunas, donde destacan el polietileno glicol y sus derivados, como el polisorbato. Estas reacciones pueden presentarse en personas con o sin previa sensibilización. Sin embargo, la gran mayoría de los individuos no presentan estas reacciones, lo que hace a las vacunas el medio idóneo para el control del COVID-19.


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