medigraphic.com
ISSN 2500-7106 (Electronic)
ISSN 0123-2576 (Print)
Medicina & Laboratorio

2012, Number 11-12

<< Back Next >>

Medicina & Laboratorio 2012; 18 (11-12)

Type I hypersensitivity to the house dust mites: immune mechanisms and diagnosis

Escobar MM

Language: Spanish
References: 125
Page: 513-536
PDF size: 599.03 Kb.


ABSTRACT

allergic rhinitis is a chronic respiratory disease of high prevalence that has great impact on the standard of living, and the performance at work or school. Allergic rhinitis is related with other allergic diseases, such as asthma, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and otitis. One of the main allergens that cause it are the mites belonging to the Dermatophagoides genus, mostly the species D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae, although other studies have shown the importance of Blomia tropicalis in these allergic conditions. This review article aims to analyze the meaning of allergic reactions to such mites, especially those of the genus Dermatophagoides, with regards to studies performed in a national and Latin-American context. It also explains the immunological mechanisms linked to the processes of type I hypersensitivity in patients sensitized to these allergens, including the sensitization mechanism and specific lgE production, and the role of cytokines as part of the process. In addition, the diagnostic methods and treatments used, including immunotherapy, will be discussed.


REFERENCES

  1. Pawankar R, Mori S, Ozu C, Kimura S. Overview on the pathomechanisms of allergic rhinitis. Asia Pac Allergy 2011; 1: 157-167.

  2. Talesnik E, Hoyos R. Nueva nomenclatura de las enfermedades alérgicas: Su aplicación a la práctica pediátrica. Rev chil pediatr 2006; 77: 239-246.

  3. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy 2008; 63 Suppl 86: 8-160.

  4. Galant SP, Robert W. Allergic rhinitis: An assessment of current pharmacotherapeutic options. Formulary 1999; 34: 1016-1032.

  5. Meltzer EO, Szwarcberg J, Pill MW. Allergic rhinitis, asthma, and rhinosinusitis: diseases of the integrated airway. J Manag Care Pharm 2004; 10: 310-317.

  6. Linneberg A, Jorgensen T, Nielsen NH, Madsen F, Frolund L, Dirksen A. The prevalence of skin-testpositive allergic rhinitis in Danish adults: two crosssectional surveys 8 years apart. The Copenhagen Allergy Study. Allergy 2000; 55: 767-772.

  7. Linneberg A, Nielsen NH, Madsen F, Frolund L, Dirksen A, Jorgensen T. Increasing prevalence of allergic rhinitis symptoms in an adult Danish population. Allergy 1999; 54: 1194-1198.

  8. Bachert C, van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. In collaboration with the World Health Organization. Executive summary of the workshop report. 7-10 December 1999, Geneva, Switzerland. Allergy 2002; 57: 841-855.

  9. Boulay ME, Morin A, Laprise C, Boulet LP. Asthma and rhinitis: what is the relationship? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012.

  10. Feng CH, Miller MD, Simon RA. The united allergic airway: connections between allergic rhinitis, asthma, and chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2012; 26: 187-190.

  11. Young T, Finn L, Kim H. Nasal obstruction as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. The University of Wisconsin Sleep and Respiratory Research Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: S757-762.

  12. Nunez JA, Cuesta U. Local conjunctival immunotherapy: the effect of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus local conjunctival immunotherapy on conjunctival provocation test in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2000; 28: 301-306.

  13. Liao EC, Ho CM, Lin MY, Tsai JJ. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Tyrophagus putrescentiae allergy in allergic rhinitis caused by cross-reactivity not dualsensitization. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30: 830-839.

  14. Thomas WR, Smith WA, Hales BJ. The allergenic specificities of the house dust mite. Chang Gung Med J 2004; 27: 563-569.

  15. Arlian LG, Morgan MS. Biology, ecology, and prevalence of dust mites. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2003; 23: 443-468.

  16. Brussee JE, Smit HA, van Strien RT, Corver K, Kerkhof M, Wijga AH, et al. Allergen exposure in infancy and the development of sensitization, wheeze, and asthma at 4 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 946-952.

  17. Grunstein MM, Veler H, Shan X, Larson J, Grunstein JS, Chuang S. Proasthmatic effects and mechanisms of action of the dust mite allergen, Der p 1, in airway smooth muscle. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 94-101.

  18. Batard T, Hrabina A, Bi XZ, Chabre H, Lemoine P, Couret MN, et al. Production and proteomic characterization of pharmaceutical-grade Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae extracts for allergy vaccines. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 140: 295-305.

  19. Bussieres L, Bordas-Le Floch V, Bulder I, Chabre H, Nony E, Lautrette A, et al. Recombinant fusion proteins assembling Der p 1 and Der p 2 allergens from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010; 153: 141-151.

  20. Isidoro-García M, Dávila I, Moreno E, Laffond E, Lorente F, González-Sarmiento R. El polimorfismo Q 576R del gen IL-4RA se asocia con valores elevados de IgE total en pacientes con antecedentes familiares de atopia. Med Clin Barc 2005; 124: 211-212.

  21. Trombone AP, Tobias KR, Ferriani VP, Schuurman J, Aalberse RC, Smith AM, et al. Use of a chimeric ELISA to investigate immunoglobulin E antibody responses to Der p 1 and Der p 2 in mite-allergic patients with asthma, wheezing and/or rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32: 1323-1328.

  22. Monteverde-Maldonado A, Orea-Solano M. Relación entre la concentración de los antígenos Der p2 y Der f2 en polvo casero y el grado de sensibilización en pacientes con asma. Rev Mex Alerg 2005; 52: 67-71.

  23. Heymann PW, Chapman MD, Aalberse RC, Fox JW, Platts-Mills TA. Antigenic and structural analysis of group II allergens (Der f II and Der p II) from house dust mites (Dermatophagoides spp). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 83: 1055-1067.

  24. Tsai JJ, Shen HD, Chua KY. Purification of group 2 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen and prevalence of its specific IgE in asthmatics. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2000; 121: 205-210.

  25. Aki T, Kodama T, Fujikawa A, Miura K, Shigeta S, Wada T, et al. Immunochemical characterization of recombinant and native tropomyosins as a new allergen from the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 96: 74-83.

  26. Cui Y, Zhou Y, Shi W, Ma G, Yang L, Wang Y, et al. Molecular cloning, expression, sequence analyses of dust mite allergen Der f 6 and its IgE-binding reactivity with mite allergic asthma patients in southeast China. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39: 961-968.

  27. Gao YF, Wang de Y, Ong TC, Tay SL, Yap KH, Chew FT. Identification and characterization of a novel allergen from Blomia tropicalis: Blo t 21. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120: 105-112.

  28. Kidon MI, Chiang WC, Liew WK, Ong TC, Tiong YS, Wong KN, et al. Mite component-specific IgE repertoire and phenotypes of allergic disease in childhood: the tropical perspective. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 202-210.

  29. Pittner G, Vrtala S, Thomas WR, Weghofer M, Kundi M, Horak F, et al. Component-resolved diagnosis of house-dust mite allergy with purified natural and recombinant mite allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34: 597-603.

  30. Weber E, Hunter S, Stedman K, Dreitz S, Olivry T, Hillier A, et al. Identification, characterization, and cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a 60-kd house dust mite allergen (Der f 18) for human beings and dogs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112: 79-86.

  31. Tan KW, Ong TC, Gao YF, Tiong YS, Wong KN, Chew FT, et al. NMR structure and IgE epitopes of Blo t 21, a major dust mite allergen from Blomia tropicalis. J Biol Chem 2012.

  32. Caraballo L, Mercado D, Jimenez S, Moreno L, Puerta L, Chua KY. Analysis of the cross-reactivity between BtM and Der p 5, two group 5 recombinant allergens from Blomia tropicalis and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998; 117: 38-45.

  33. Martínez JNE, Aguilar ÁD, Rojas RE. Prevalencia de la sensibilización a Blomia tropicalis y Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, farinae y siboney en pacientes con rinitis o asma alérgica (o ambas) en una población de la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México. Rev Mex Alerg 2010; 57: 3-10.

  34. Yi FC, Cheong N, Shek PC, Wang DY, Chua KY, Lee BW. Identification of shared and unique immunoglobulin E epitopes of the highly conserved tropomyosins in Blomia tropicalis and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32: 1203-1210.

  35. Host A, Andrae S, Charkin S, Diaz-Vazquez C, Dreborg S, Eigenmann PA, et al. Allergy testing in children: why, who, when and how? Allergy 2003; 58: 559-569.

  36. Almeida KC, Silva DA, Gennari-Cardoso ML, Cunha-Junior JP, Alves R, Ynoue LH, et al. Responses of IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 to concanavalin Abinding Blomia tropicalis antigens in allergic patients. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39: 1445-1454.

  37. Mariana A, Santhana Raj AS, Tan SN, Ho TM. Scanning electron micrographs of Blomia tropicalis (Acari:Astigmata: Echimyopodidae), a common house dust mite in Malaysia. Trop Biomed 2007; 24: 29-37.

  38. Rondon C, Campo P, Galindo L, Blanca-Lopez N, Cassinello MS, Rodriguez-Bada JL, et al. Prevalence and clinical relevance of local allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2012.

  39. Sánchez-Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A, Malka S. Inhalant allergens clinically significant in Latin American. Allergy Clin Immunol Int-J World Allergy Org 2004; 16: 28-32.

  40. Rodríguez-Orozco AR, Huato MS, Ponce H. Perfil de consulta en niños alérgicos provenientes de familias de bajos ingresos. Rev Cubana Pediatr 2007; 79.

  41. Cavazos GM, Guerrero NB, Ramírez AD. Estudio comparativo de sensibilización a ácaros y cucarachas en tres ciudades de México. Rev Mex Alerg 2008; 55: 234-239.

  42. Castro-Almarales RL, Alern A, Batista A. Pros y contras de la Inmunoterapia alérgeno-específica en el tratamiento y prevención del asma. In: Sociedad- Cubana-de-Inmunología ed. V Congreso Nacional de Inmunología y Biodiagnóstico 2006 en honor al Prof A Béguez; 2006.

  43. Castro-Almarales RL, Alern A, Batista A. Correlación entre pruebas cutáneas para Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides siboney y Blomia tropicalis en asmáticos cubanos. In: Sociedad-Cubana-de- Inmunología ed. V Congreso Nacional de Inmunología y Biodiagnóstico 2006 en honor al Prof A Béguez; 2006.

  44. Castro-Almarales RL, González-León M, Labrada- Rosado A, Navarro-Viltre BI, Alvarez -Castelló M, García-Gómez I. Sensibilización a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides siboney y Blomia tropicalis en niños de tres Consultorios. Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr 2005; 21.

  45. Moreno MAR, Sánchez RA, Yrarragorri TC, Abdo RA. Asociación entre el Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus y la rinitis alérgica. Alerg Asma Inmunol Pediatr 1999; 8: 21-24.

  46. Águila CR, García RRG, Torre MF, Fernández- Caldás RE, Martínez A. Sensibilización a diferentes ácaros en niños asmáticos atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente del Cerro. 2001. Alerg Asma Inmunol Pediatr 2002; 11: 83-87.

  47. Castro-Almarales RL, Mateo-Morejon M, Naranjo- Robalino RM, Navarro-Viltre BI, Alvarez- Castello M, Ronquillo-Diaz M, et al. Correlation between skin tests to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides siboney and Blomia tropicalis in Cuban asthmatics. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2006; 34: 23-26.

  48. Castro-Almarales RL, Alvarez -Castelló M, Ronquillo- Díaz M, Rodríguez-Canosa JS, García-Gómez I, González-León M, et al. Sensibilización a tres especies de ácaros en pacientes alérgicos de la zona costera de la ciudad de La Habana. Rev Mex Alerg 2009; 56: 31-35.

  49. Muñoz V, Reyes H, Fuentes E, Vicherat L. Acaros del polvo de habitaciones: sensibilización a Dermatophagoides sp y presencia de estos ácaros en el dormitorio de personas con o sin atopia respiratoria. Parasitol día 1989; 13: 10-14.

  50. Meyer A, Barrera T, Hidalgo H. Determinación de sensibilización alérgica a dermatofagoides en niños de 5 años y menores por fluoroinmuno ensayo-UniCAP. Rev chil enferm respir 2007; 23: 94-98.

  51. Martínez J, Méndez C, Talesnik E, Campos E, Viviani P, Sánchez I. Pruebas cutáneas de hipersensibilidad inmediata en una población pediátrica seleccionada. Rev Méd Chile 2005; 133: 195-201.

  52. Dennis R, Caraballo L, Garcia E, Caballero A, Aristizabal G, Cordoba H, et al. Asthma and other allergic conditions in Colombia: a study in 6 cities. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93: 568-574.

  53. Arévalo-Herrera M, Reyes MA, Victoria L, Villegas A, Badiel M, Herrera S. Asma y rinitis alérgica en pre-escolares en Cali. Revista Colombia Médica 2003; 34: 4-8.

  54. Penaranda A, Aristizabal G, Garcia E, Vasquez C, Rodriguez-Martinez CE, Satizabal CL. Allergic rhinitis and associated factors in schoolchildren from Bogota, Colombia. Rhinology 2012; 50: 122-128.

  55. Puerta L, Fernandez-Caldas E, Lockey RF, Caraballo LR. Mite allergy in the tropics: sensitization to six domestic mite species in Cartagena, Colombia. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 1993; 3: 198-204.

  56. Moreno MV, Duque ML. Sensibilidad cutanea a la Blomia tropicalis en pacientes alergicos de la ciudad de Medellin. Rev Asoc Colomb Alerg Inmunol 2001; 10: 51-54.

  57. Dennis RJ, Caraballo L, Garcia E, Rojas MX, Rondon MA, Perez A, et al. Prevalence of asthma and other allergic conditions in Colombia 2009-2010: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med 2012; 12: 17.

  58. Dykewicz MS. Rhinitis and sinusitus. In: R. Rich RR, Fleisher TA, Shearer WT, Schroeder Jr HW, Frew AJ, Weyand CM, eds. Clinical Immunology Principles and Practices (ed 3rd): Mosby Elsevier; 2008.

  59. Mandhane SN, Shah JH, Thennati R. Allergic rhinitis: an update on disease, present treatments and future prospects. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11: 1646-1662.

  60. Pawankar R, Ra C. Heterogeneity of mast cells and T cells in the nasal mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98: S248-262.

  61. Pawankar RU, Okuda M, Okubo K, Ra C. Lymphocyte subsets of the nasal mucosa in perennial allergic rhinitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 2049- 2058.

  62. Toru H, Pawankar R, Ra C, Yata J, Nakahata T. Human mast cells produce IL-13 by high-affinity IgE receptor cross-linking: enhanced IL-13 production by IL-4-primed human mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 491-502.

  63. Varga EM, Jacobson MR, Till SJ, Masuyama K, O’Brien F, Rak S, et al. Cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression in perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy 1999; 54: 338-345.

  64. de Zubiría E. Citocinas y asma. Rev Asoc Colomb Alerg Asma Inmunol 1999; 7.

  65. Sánchez-Ramón S, López-Longo FJ, Carreño L. Interleucinas en la fisiopatología de la artritis reumatoide: más allá de las citocinas proinflamatorias. Reumatol Clin 2011; 6, Supplement 3: 20-24.

  66. Ando M, Shima M. Serum interleukins 12 and 18 and immunoglobulin E concentrations and allergic symptoms in Japanese schoolchildren. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2007; 17: 14-19.

  67. Bailly S, Fay M, Ferrua B, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA. Comparative production of IL-1 beta and IL-1 alpha by LPS-stimulated human monocytes: ELISAs measurement revisited. Cytokine 1994; 6: 111-115.

  68. Niedbala W, Wei XQ, Cai B, Hueber AJ, Leung BP, McInnes IB, et al. IL-35 is a novel cytokine with therapeutic effects against collagen-induced arthritis through the expansion of regulatory T cells and suppression of Th17 cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37: 3021- 3029.

  69. Huang CH, Loo EX, Kuo IC, Soh GH, Goh DL, Lee BW, et al. Airway inflammation and IgE production induced by dust mite allergen-specific memory/ effector Th2 cell line can be effectively attenuated by IL-35. J Immunol 2011; 187: 462-471.

  70. Collison LW, Workman CJ, Kuo TT, Boyd K, Wang Y, Vignali KM, et al. The inhibitory cytokine IL- 35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function. Nature 2007; 450: 566-569.

  71. Kochetkova I, Golden S, Holderness K, Callis G, Pascual DW. IL-35 stimulation of CD39+ regulatory T cells confers protection against collagen II-induced arthritis via the production of IL-10. J Immunol 2010; 184: 7144-7153.

  72. Pawankar R, Okuda M, Yssel H, Okumura K, Ra C. Nasal mast cells in perennial allergic rhinitics exhibit increased expression of the Fc epsilonRI, CD40L, IL-4, and IL-13, and can induce IgE synthesis in B cells. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 1492-1499.

  73. Naclerio RM, Proud D, Togias AG, Adkinson NF, Jr., Meyers DA, Kagey-Sobotka A, et al. Inflammatory mediators in late antigen-induced rhinitis. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 65-70.

  74. Sin B, Togias A. Pathophysiology of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2011; 8: 106- 114.

  75. Ayars GH, Altman LC, McManus MM, Agosti JM, Baker C, Luchtel DL, et al. Injurious effect of the eosinophil peroxide-hydrogen peroxide-halide system and major basic protein on human nasal epithelium in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 125-131.

  76. Weller PF, Lee CW, Foster DW, Corey EJ, Austen KF, Lewis RA. Generation and metabolism of 5-lipoxygenase pathway leukotrienes by human eosinophils: predominant production of leukotriene C4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80: 7626-7630.

  77. Serrano A. Células colaboradoras (TH1,TH2,TH17) y reguladoras (Treg,TH3,NKT) en la artritis reumatoide. Reumatol Clin 2009; 5: 1-5.

  78. Meszaros G, Szalay B, Toldi G, Mezei G, Tamasi L, Vasarhelyi B, et al. FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in childhood allergic rhinitis and asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19: 238-240.

  79. Provoost S, Maes T, van Durme YM, Gevaert P, Bachert C, Schmidt-Weber CB, et al. Decreased FOXP3 protein expression in patients with asthma. Allergy 2009; 64: 1539-1546.

  80. Alerm-González A. Maduración del sistema inmune y vacunaciones. ¿Diferencias en las respuestas y riesgo incrementado de alergia? Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas 2005; 4: 1-3.

  81. Weidinger S, Baurecht H, Naumann A, Novak N. Genome-wide association studies on IgE regulation: are genetics of IgE also genetics of atopic disease? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 10: 408-417.

  82. Sebelova S, Izakovicova-Holla L, Stejskalova A, Schuller M, Znojil V, Vasku A. Interleukin-18 and its three gene polymorphisms relating to allergic rhinitis. J Hum Genet 2007; 52: 152-158.

  83. Acevedo N, Vergara C, Gusmao L, Jimenez S, Martinez B, Mercado D, et al. The C-509T promoter polymorphism of the transforming growth factor beta-1 gene is associated with levels of total and specific IgE in a Colombian population. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010; 151: 237-246.

  84. Taketomi EA, Silva DA, Sopelete MC, Gervasio AM, Alves R, Sung SJ. Differential IgE reactivity to Der p 1 and Der p 2 allergens of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in mite-sensitized patients. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2006; 16: 104-109.

  85. Dordal MT, Lluch-Bernal M, Sanchez MC, Rondon C, Navarro A, Montoro J, et al. Allergen-specific nasal provocation testing: review by the rhinoconjunctivitis committee of the Spanish Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2011; 21: 1-12; quiz follow 12.

  86. Guler N, Kirerleri E, Tamay Z, Ones U. Atopy patch testing in children with asthma and rhinitis symptoms allergic to house dust mite. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006; 17: 346-350.

  87. Simpson A, Green R, Custovic A, Woodcock A, Arruda LK, Chapman MD. Skin test reactivity to natural and recombinant Blomia and Dermatophagoides spp. allergens among mite allergic patients in the UK. Allergy 2003; 58: 53-56.

  88. Becerril-Ángeles MH, Pérez-López A, Azuara-Pliego E. Prueba de provocación alergénica nasal. Rev Alerg Mex 2000; 47: 166-168.

  89. Chusakul S Fau - Phannaso C, Phannaso C Fau - Sangsarsri S, Sangsarsri S Fau - Aeumjaturapat S, Aeumjaturapat S Fau - Snidvongs K, Snidvongs K. House-dust mite nasal provocation: a diagnostic tool in perennial rhinitis.

  90. Choi IS, Koh YI, Koh JS, Lee MG. Sensitivity of the skin prick test and specificity of the serum-specific IgE test for airway responsiveness to house dust mites in asthma. J Asthma 2005; 42: 197-202.

  91. Kirerleri E, Guler N, Tamay Z, Ones U. Evaluation of the nasal provocation test for its necessity in the diagnosis of nasal allergy to house dust mite. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2006; 24: 117-121.

  92. Olivé-Pérez A. Provocaciones nasales: puesta al día. Alergol Inmunol Clin 2005; 20: 116-126.

  93. Olivé-Pérez A. La obstrucción nasal y su medida. Allergol et Immunopathol 2004; 32: 361-367.

  94. Clement PA, Gordts F. Consensus report on acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry. Rhinology 2005; 43: 169-179.

  95. Bousquet J, Maasch H, Martinot B, Hejjaoui A, Wahl R, Michel FB. Double-blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy with mixed grass-pollen allergoids. II. Comparison between parameters assessing the efficacy of immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 82: 439-446.

  96. Mamikoglu B, Houser SM, Corey JP. An interpretation method for objective assessment of nasal congestion with acoustic rhinometry. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 926-929.

  97. Yepes-Nunez JJ, Bartra J, Munoz-Cano R, Sanchez- Lopez J, Serrano C, Mullol J, et al. Assessment of nasal obstruction: Correlation between subjective and objective techniques. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2012.

  98. Terrien MH, Rahm F, Fellrath JM, Spertini F. Comparison of the effects of terfenadine with fexofenadine on nasal provocation tests with allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: 1025-1030.

  99. Rondón C, Campo P, Herrera R, Blanca-Lopez N, Melendez L, Canto G, et al. Nasal allergen provocation test with multiple aeroallergens detects polysensitization in local allergic rhinitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011; 128: 1192-1197.

  100. Silva DA, Gervasio AM, Sopelete MC, Arruda- Chaves E, Arruda LK, Chapman MD, et al. A sensitive reverse ELISA for the measurement of specific IgE to Der p 2, a major Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001; 86: 545-550.

  101. Miranda DO, Silva DA, Fernandes JF, Queiros MG, Chiba HF, Ynoue LH, et al. Serum and salivary IgE, IgA, and IgG4 antibodies to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and its major allergens, Der p1 and Der p2, in allergic and nonallergic children. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011: 302739.

  102. Aydogan M, Mete N, Yazi D, Akkoc T, Ozdemir C, Blaser K, et al. Comparison of Der p1-specific antibody levels in children with allergic airway disease and healthy controls. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007; 18: 320-325.

  103. Aalberse RC, Stapel SO, Schuurman J, Rispens T. Immunoglobulin G4: an odd antibody. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39: 469-477.

  104. Pereira EA, Silva DA, Cunha-Junior JP, Almeida KC, Alves R, Sung SJ, et al. IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 antibody responses to Blomia tropicalis in atopic patients. Allergy 2005; 60: 401-406.

  105. Kitani S, Ito K, Miyamoto T. IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies to mite in sera and sputa from asthmatic patients. Ann Allergy 1985; 55: 612-620.

  106. Johansson SG. ImmunoCAP Specific IgE test: an objective tool for research and routine allergy diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2004; 4: 273-279.

  107. Gleeson M, Cripps AW, Hensley MJ, Wlodarczyk JH, Henry RL, Clancy RL. A clinical evaluation in children of the Pharmacia ImmunoCAP system for inhalant allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 1996; 26: 697-702.

  108. Setting the Bar for Quality: Improving IgE Antibody Assay Performance and Clinical Utility. Updated CLSI Guideline Valuable for Clinicians, Laboratorians, Regulators, and Manufacturers. LabMedicine 2009; 40: 395-396.

  109. Plebani M. Clinical value and measurement of specific IgE. Clinical Biochemistry 2003; 36: 453-469.

  110. Bachert C. The role of histamine in allergic disease: re-appraisal of its inflammatory potential. Allergy 2002; 57: 287-296.

  111. Barnes PJ. Mechanisms and resistance in glucocorticoid control of inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120: 76-85.

  112. Knapp HR. Reduced allergen-induced nasal congestion and leukotriene synthesis with an orally active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1745-1748.

  113. Modgill V, Badyal DK, Verghese A. Efficacy and safety of montelukast add-on therapy in allergic rhinitis. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2010; 32: 669-674.

  114. Gschwentner M, Susanna A, Schmarda A, Laich A, Nagl UO, Ellemunter H, et al. ICln: a chloride channel paramount for cell volume regulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98: S98-101; discussion S105-106.

  115. Stenton GR, Chow SM, Lau HY. Inhibition of rat peritoneal mast cell exocytosis by frusemide: a comparison with disodium cromoglycate. Life Sci 1998; 62: PL49-54.

  116. Tuettenberg A, Koelsch S, Knop J, Jonuleit H. Oxymetazoline modulates proinflammatory cytokines and the T-cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16: 171-178.

  117. Dykewicz MS, Fineman S. Executive Summary of Joint Task Force Practice Parameters on Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 81: 463-468.

  118. Spector S. Ideal pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: S386-387.

  119. Lai X, Li J, Xiao X, Liu E, Zhang C, Wang H, et al. Specific IgG4 Production during House Dust Mite Immunotherapy among Age, Gender and Allergic Disease Populations. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 160: 37-46.

  120. Liu YH, Tsai JJ. Production of salivary immunoglobulin A and suppression of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus- induced airway inflammation by local nasal immunotherapy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 138: 161-168.

  121. Garcia-Robaina JC, Sanchez I, de la Torre F, Fernandez-Caldas E, Casanovas M. Successful management of mite-allergic asthma with modified extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae in a double-blind, placebo- controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118: 1026-1032.

  122. Mun SJ, Shin JM, Han DH, Kim JW, Kim DY, Lee CH, et al. Efficacy and safety of a once-daily sublingual immunotherapy without escalation regimen in house dust mite-induced allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2012.

  123. de Bot CM, Moed H, Berger MY, Roder E, de Groot H, de Jongste JC, et al. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of sublingual immunotherapy in children with house dust mite allergy in primary care: study design and recruitment. BMC Fam Pract 2008; 9: 59.

  124. Yepes-Nunez JJ, Gomez-Garcia C, Espinosa-Herrera Y, Cardona-Villa R. Health-related quality of life in children and adults with respiratory allergy in Colombia: prospective study. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2012; 40: 379-384.

  125. Huerta JG, Ruiz F, López D. Inmunología, alergia e infección Importancia de los superantígenos. Revista de Enfermedades Infecciosas en Pediatría 2004; 22: 78.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com