medigraphic.com
ISSN 1405-1699 (Print)
Órgano Oficial del Colegio Mexicano de Alergia, Asma e Inmunología Pediátrica y de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Pediatría

2018, Number 2

<< Back Next >>

Alerg Asma Inmunol Pediatr 2018; 27 (2)

Role of viral infections in the development and exacerbation of asthma in children

Aguilar PA, Huerta LJG

Language: Spanish
References: 64
Page: 49-59
PDF size: 202.93 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Viral infections are closely related to wheezing diseases in children of all ages. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main causative agent of bronchiolitis and has been considered as the virus that causes more wheezing in infants. Rhinoviruses (RV) and coronaviruses, in contrast, are well-known causes of tract infections. Upper respiratory in all ages. Severe respiratory disease induced by any of these viruses is associated with the subsequent development of asthma, and the risk is greater for young children who have wheezing with rhinovirus infections. If respiratory diseases really cause asthma is the subject of intense debate. Wheezing diseases induced by respiratory syncytial virus during childhood influence respiratory health for years. There is definitive evidence that bronchiolitis induced by respiratory syncytial virus can damage the respiratory tract and promote airway obstruction and recurrent wheezing. Rhinovirus (RD) probably causes less structural damage and, nonetheless, is a significant contributor to sibilant diseases in young children and in the context of asthma. For these viruses, the interactions between viral virulence factors, personal risk factors (genetics) and environmental exposures (respiratory tract microbiome) promote respiratory diseases and promote more severe wheezing and the risk of asthma progression. In addition, allergy and asthma are the main risk factors for the most frequent and serious diseases related to rhinovirus, treatments that inhibit inflammation have efficacy for wheezing induced by rhinovirus, while the anti-RSV mAb palivizumab decreases the risk of severe disease induced by RSV and subsequent recurrent wheezing. Developing a greater understanding of the personal and environmental factors that promote more serious viral diseases could lead to new strategies for the prevention of sibilant viral diseases and perhaps reduce the subsequent risk of asthma.


REFERENCES

  1. Jartti T, Söderlund-Venermo M, Hedman K, Ruuskanen O, Mäkelä MJ. New molecular virus detection methods and their clinical value in lower respiratory tract infections in children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2013; 14 (1): 38-45.

  2. Kotaniemi-Syrjänen A, Vainionpää R, Reijonen TM, Waris M, Korhonen K, Korppi M. Rhinovirus-induced wheezing in infancy--the first sign of childhood asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003; 111 (1): 66-71.

  3. Turunen R, Koistinen A, Vuorinen T, Arku B, Söderlund-Venermo M, Ruuskanen O et al. The first wheezing episode: respiratory virus etiology, atopic characteristics, and illness severity. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2014; 25 (8): 796-803.

  4. Johnston NW, Johnston SL, Duncan JM, Greene JM, Kebadze T, Keith PK et al. The September epidemic of asthma exacerbations in children: a search for etiology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 115 (1): 132-138.

  5. Khetsuriani N, Kazerouni NN, Erdman DD, Lu X, Redd SC, Anderson LJ et al. Prevalence of viral respiratory tract infections in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 119 (2): 314-321.

  6. Arden KE, Chang AB, Lambert SB, Nissen MD, Sloots TP, Mackay IM. Newly identified respiratory viruses in children with asthma exacerbation not requiring admission to hospital. J Med Virol. 2010; 82 (8): 1458-1461.

  7. Sigurs N, Bjarnason R, Sigurbergsson F, Kjellman B. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy is an important risk factor for asthma and allergy at age 7. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 161 (5): 1501-1507.

  8. Kellner G, Popow-Kraupp T, Kundi M, Binder C, Kunz C. Clinical manifestations of respiratory tract infections due to respiratory syncytial virus and rhinoviruses in hospitalized children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1989; 78 (3): 390-394.

  9. Juvén T, Mertsola J, Waris M, Leinonen M, Meurman O, Roivainen M et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000; 19 (4): 293-298.

  10. Duff AL, Pomeranz ES, Gelber LE, Price GW, Farris H, Hayden FG et al. Risk factors for acute wheezing in infants and children: viruses, passive smoke, and IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens. Pediatrics. 1993; 92 (4): 535-540.

  11. Johnston SL, Xie P, Johnson W. Comparison of standard virology and PCR in diagnosis of rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in nasal aspirates from children hospitalized with wheezing illness and bronchiolitis (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996; 153: A503.

  12. Johnston SL, Pattemore PK, Sanderson G, Smith S, Lampe F, Josephs L et al. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children. BMJ. 1995; 310 (6989): 1225-1229.

  13. McIntosh K, Halonen P, Ruuskanen O. Report of a workshop on respiratory viral infections: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 1993; 16 (1): 151-164.

  14. Hyypiä T, Puhakka T, Ruuskanen O, Mäkelä M, Arola A, Arstila P. Molecular diagnosis of human rhinovirus infections: comparison with virus isolation. J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36 (7): 2081-2083.

  15. Lönnrot M, Sjöroos M, Salminen K, Maaronen M, Hyypiä T, Hyöty H. Diagnosis of enterovirus and rhinovirus infections by RT-PCR and time-resolved fluorometry with lanthanide chelate labeled probes. J Med Virol. 1999; 59 (3): 378-384.

  16. Myint S, Johnston S, Sanderson G, Simpson H. Evaluation of nested polymerase chain methods for the detection of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43. Mol Cell Probes. 1994; 8 (5): 357-364.

  17. Reijonen TM, Kotaniemi-Syrjänen A, Korhonen K, Korppi M. Predictors of asthma three years after hospital admission for wheezing in infancy. Pediatrics. 2000; 106 (6): 1406-1412.

  18. Mäkelä MJ, Puhakka T, Ruuskanen O, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Kimpimäki M et al. Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold. J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36 (2): 539-542.

  19. Johnston SL, Sanderson G, Pattemore PK, Smith S, Bardin PG, Bruce CB et al. Use of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of picornavirus infection in subjects with and without respiratory symptoms. J Clin Microbiol. 1993; 31 (1): 111-117.

  20. Kusel MM, de Klerk NH, Kebadze T, Vohma V, Holt PG, Johnston SL et al. Early-life respiratory viral infections, atopic sensitization, and risk of subsequent development of persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 119 (5): 1105-1110.

  21. Rakes GP, Arruda E, Ingram JM, Hoover GE, Zambrano JC, Hayden FG et al. Rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in wheezing children requiring emergency care. IgE and eosinophil analyses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 159 (3): 785-790.

  22. Jackson DJ, Makrinioti H, Rana BM, Shamji BW, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Footitt J et al. IL-33-dependent type 2 inflammation during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014; 190 (12): 1373-1382.

  23. Beale J, Jayaraman A, Jackson DJ, Macintyre JDR, Edwards MR, Walton RP et al. Rhinovirus-induced IL-25 in asthma exacerbation drives type 2 immunity and allergic pulmonary inflammation. Sci Transl Med. 2014; 6 (256): 256ra134.

  24. Martinez FD, Stern DA, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Halonen M. Differential immune responses to acute lower respiratory illness in early life and subsequent development of persistent wheezing and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998; 102 (6 Pt 1): 915-920.

  25. Openshaw PJ, Tregoning JS. Immune responses and disease enhancement during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18 (3): 541-555.

  26. Culley FJ, Pennycook AM, Tregoning JS, Hussell T, Openshaw PJ. Differential chemokine expression following respiratory virus infection reflects Th1- or Th2-biased immunopathology. J Virol. 2006; 80 (9): 4521-4527.

  27. Oddy WH, de Klerk NH, Sly PD, Holt PG. The effects of respiratory infections, atopy, and breastfeeding on childhood asthma. Eur Respir J. 2002; 19 (5): 899-905.

  28. McIntyre CL, Knowles NJ, Simmonds P. Proposals for the classification of human rhinovirus species A, B and C into genotypically assigned types. J Gen Virol. 2013; 94 (Pt 8): 1791-1806.

  29. Basta HA, Ashraf S, Sgro JY, Bochkov YA, Gern JE, Palmenberg AC. Modeling of the human rhinovirus C capsid suggests possible causes for antiviral drug resistance. Virology. 2014; 448: 82-90.

  30. Hao W, Bernard K, Patel N, Ulbrandt N, Feng H, Svabek C et al. Infection and propagation of human rhinovirus C in human airway epithelial cells. J Virol. 2012; 86 (24): 13524-13532.

  31. Hayden FG, Turner RB, Gwaltney JM, Chi-Burris K, Gersten M, Hsyu P et al. Phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of ruprintrivir nasal spray 2-percent suspension for prevention and treatment of experimentally induced rhinovirus colds in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003; 47 (12): 3907-3916.

  32. Glanville N, McLean GR, Guy B, Lecouturier V, Berry C, Girerd Y et al. Cross-serotype immunity induced by immunization with a conserved rhinovirus capsid protein. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9 (9): e1003669.

  33. Gern JE, Busse WW. Association of rhinovirus infections with asthma. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 12 (1): 9-18.

  34. Staunton DE, Merluzzi VJ, Rothlein R, Barton R, Marlin SD, Springer TA. A cell adhesion molecule, ICAM-1, is the major surface receptor for rhinoviruses. Cell. 1989; 56 (5): 849-853.

  35. Subauste MC, Jacoby DB, Richards SM, Proud D. Infection of a human respiratory epithelial cell line with rhinovirus. Induction of cytokine release and modulation of susceptibility to infection by cytokine exposure. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96 (1): 549-557.

  36. Einarsson O, Geba GP, Zhu Z, Landry M, Elias JA. Interleukin-11: stimulation in vivo and in vitro by respiratory viruses and induction of airways hyperresponsiveness. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97 (4): 915-924.

  37. Gern JE, Vrtis R, Grindle KA, Swenson C, Busse WW. Relationship of upper and lower airway cytokines to outcome of experimental rhinovirus infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 162 (6): 2226-2231.

  38. Wark PA, Johnston SL, Bucchieri F, Powell R, Puddicombe S, Laza-Stanca V et al. Asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells have a deficient innate immune response to infection with rhinovirus. J Exp Med. 2005; 201 (6): 937-947.

  39. Rawlinson WD, Waliuzzaman Z, Carter IW, Belessis YC, Gilbert KM, Morton JR. Asthma exacerbations in children associated with rhinovirus but not human metapneumovirus infection. J Infect Dis. 2003; 187 (8): 1314-1318.

  40. Nicholson KG, Kent J, Ireland DC. Respiratory viruses and exacerbations of asthma in adults. BMJ. 1993; 307 (6910): 982-986.

  41. Teichtahl H, Buckmaster N, Pertnikovs E. The incidence of respiratory tract infection in adults requiring hospitalization for asthma. Chest. 1997; 112 (3): 591-596.

  42. Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A, Moric I, Sanderson G, Message S et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 164 (9): 1618-1623.

  43. Midulla F, Scagnolari C, Bonci E, Pierangeli A, Antonelli G, De Angelis D et al. Respiratory syncytial virus, human bocavirus and rhinovirus bronchiolitis in infants. Arch Dis Child. 2010; 95 (1): 35-41.

  44. Edwards MR, Bartlett NW, Hussell T, Openshaw P, Johnston SL. The microbiology of asthma. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012; 10 (7): 459-471.

  45. Papadopoulos NG, Megremis S, Kitsioulis NA, Vangelatou O, West P, Xepapadaki P. Promising approaches for the treatment and prevention of viral respiratory illnesses. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017; 140 (4): 921-932.

  46. He W, Tan GS, Mullarkey CE, Lee AJ, Lam MM, Krammer F et al. Epitope specificity plays a critical role in regulating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against influenza A virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016; 113 (42): 11931-11936.

  47. Yang K, Varga SM. Mucosal vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus. Curr Opin Virol. 2014; 6: 78-84.

  48. Glanville N, Johnston SL. Challenges in developing a cross-serotype rhinovirus vaccine. Curr Opin Virol. 2015; 11: 83-88.

  49. Rossi GA, Colin AA. Infantile respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus infections: respective role in inception and persistence of wheezing. Eur Respir J. 2015; 45 (3): 774-789.

  50. Lee WM, Lemanske RF Jr, Evans MD, Vang F, Pappas T, Gangnon R et al. Human rhinovirus species and season of infection determine illness severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012; 186 (9): 886-891.

  51. Mansbach JM, Clark S, Teach SJ, Gern JE, Piedra PA, Sullivan AF et al. Children Hospitalized with Rhinovirus Bronchiolitis Have Asthma-Like Characteristics. J Pediatr. 2016; 172: 202-204.e1.

  52. Jartti T, Nieminen R, Vuorinen T, Lehtinen P, Vahlberg T, Gern J et al. Short- and long-term efficacy of prednisolone for first acute rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 135 (3): 691-698.e9.

  53. Dumas O, Mansbach JM, Jartti T, Hasegawa K, Sullivan AF, Piedra PA et al. A clustering approach to identify severe bronchiolitis profiles in children. Thorax. 2016; 71 (8): 712-718.

  54. Johnson SM, McNally BA, Ioannidis I, Flano E, Teng MN, Oomens AG et al. Respiratory syncytial virus uses CX3CR1 as a receptor on primary human airway epithelial cultures. PLoS Pathog. 2015; 11 (12): e1005318.

  55. Ludka-Gaulke T, Ghera P, Waring SC, Keifer M, Seroogy C, Gern JE et al. Farm exposure in early childhood is associated with a lower risk of severe respiratory illnesses. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018; 141 (1): 454-456.e4.

  56. Fujimura KE, Demoor T, Rauch M, Faruqi AA, Jang S, Johnson CC et al. House dust exposure mediates gut microbiome Lactobacillus enrichment and airway immune defense against allergens and virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014; 111 (2): 805-810.

  57. Lynch SV, Wood RA, Boushey H, Bacharier LB, Bloomberg GR, Kattan M et al. Effects of early-life exposure to allergens and bacteria on recurrent wheeze and atopy in urban children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 134 (3): 593-601.e12.

  58. Teo SM, Mok D, Pham K, Kusel M, Serralha M, Troy N et al. The infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development. Cell Host Microbe. 2015; 17 (5): 704-715.

  59. Chauhan AJ, Inskip HM, Linaker CH, Smith S, Schreiber J, Johnston SL et al. Personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the severity of virus-induced asthma in children. Lancet. 2003; 361 (9373): 1939-1944.

  60. Murray CS, Poletti G, Kebadze T, Morris J, Woodcock A, Johnston SL et al. Study of modifiable risk factors for asthma exacerbations: virus infection and allergen exposure increase the risk of asthma hospital admissions in children. Thorax. 2006; 61 (5): 376-382.

  61. Ramratnam SK, Visness CM, Jaffee KF, Bloomberg GR, Kattan M, Sandel MT et al. Relationships among maternal stress and depression, type 2 responses, and recurrent wheezing at age 3 years in low-income urban families. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 195 (5): 674-681.

  62. Kloepfer KM, Lee WM, Pappas TE, Kang TJ, Vrtis RF, Evans MD et al. Detection of pathogenic bacteria during rhinovirus infection is associated with increased respiratory symptoms and asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 133 (5): 1301-1307, 1307.e1-3.

  63. Kloepfer KM, Sarsani VK, Poroyko V, Lee WM, Pappas TE, Kang T et al. Community-acquired rhinovirus infection is associated with changes in the airway microbiome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017; 140 (1): 312-315.e8.

  64. Edwards MR, Walton RP, Jackson DJ, Feleszko W, Skevaki C, Jartti T et al. The potential of anti-infectives and immunomodulators as therapies for asthma and asthma exacerbations. Allergy. 2018; 73 (1): 50-63.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com