medigraphic.com
Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.

2018, Number 2

<< Back Next >>

Rev Mex Neuroci 2018; 19 (2)

Cognitive Reserve Model: Its Origins, Main Developmental Factors and Clinical Applicability

Reynoso-Alcántara V, Guiot-Vázquez MI, Diaz-Camacho JE

Language: Spanish
References: 50
Page: 62-73
PDF size: 242.12 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The Cognitive Reserve Model has been proposed as a way of explaining the interindividual variability in cognitive performance in both young normal subjects, as well as in aging and in some other pathologies that affect cognitive function. The model proposes that the brain is able to compensate for deficiencies by means of the resources that have been formed through life experiences. This article reviews some historical antecedents of the Cognitive Reserve Model and its basic principles. The three main factors associated with the development of the Cognitive Reserve are analyzed: educational level, occupation and leisure activities; and some findings are presented, in which the important role of Cognitive Reserve in old age and in diseases such as head trauma, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, among others are reviewed. We conclude with some implications of the Cognitive Reserve Model for clinical practice.


REFERENCES

  1. Barton EM, Plemons JK, Willis SL, Baltes PB. Recent Findings on Adult and Gerontological Intelligence: Changing a Stereotype of Decline. Am Behav Sci. 1975;19(2):224–36.

  2. Baltes PB, Dittmann-Kohli F, Kliegl R. Reserve capacity of the elderly in aging-sensitive tests of fluid intelligence: replication and extension. Psychol Aging. 1986;1(2):172–7.

  3. Stern Y. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8(3):448–60.

  4. Katzman R, Terry R, DeTeresa R, Brown T, Davies P, Fuld P, et al. Clinical, pathological, and neurochemical changes in dementia: a subgroup with preserved mental status and numerous neocortical plaques. Ann Neurol [Internet]. 1988;23(2):138–44.

  5. Snowdon DA. Healthy Aging and Dementia: Findings from the Nun Study. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(5):450-54.

  6. Baltes MM, Kuhl KP, Sowarka D. Testing for limits of cognitive reserve capacity: A promising strategy for early diagnosis of dementia? Journals Gerontol. 1992;47(3):P165–7.

  7. Stern Y. Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia. 2009;47(10):2015–28.

  8. Nucci M, Mapelli D, Mondini S. Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq): a new instrument for measuring cognitive reserve. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2012;24(3):218–26.

  9. Nithianantharajah J, Hannan AJ. The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders. Prog Neurobiol. 2009;89(4):369–82.

  10. Clare L, Wu Y-T, Teale JC, MacLeod C, Matthews F, Brayne C, et al. Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors, cognitive reserve, and cognitive function in later life: A cross-sectional study. PLOS Med. 2017;14(3):1-14.

  11. Chapko D, Mccormack R, Black C, Staff R, Murray A, Chapko D, et al. Life-course determinants of cognitive reserve ( CR ) in cognitive aging and dementia – a systematic literature review. Aging Ment Health. Taylor & Francis; 2017:1–12.

  12. Alladi S, Bak TH, Mekala S, Rajan A, Chaudhuri JR, Mioshi E, et al. Impact of Bilingualism on Cognitive Outcome After Stroke. Stroke. 2016;47(1):258–61.

  13. Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi TK, Tang MX, Wilder D, Mayeux R. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. JAMA. 1994;271(13):1004–10.

  14. Hall CB, Derby C, LeValley A, Katz MJ, Verghese J, Lipton RB. Education delays accelerated decline on a memory test in persons who develop dementia. Neurology. 2007;69(17):1657–64.

  15. Zieren N, Duering M, Peters N, Reyes S, Jouvent E, Hervé D, et al. Education modifies the relation of vascular pathology to cognitive function: cognitive reserve in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Neurobiol Aging. 2013;34(2):400–7.

  16. Mortimer J, Snowdon D, Markesbery W. Brain reserve and risk of dementia: Findings from the Nun Study. In: Stern Y, editor. Cognitive Reserve: Theory and Applications. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2007. p. 238–49.

  17. Stern RA, Silva SG, Chaisson N, Evans DL, Stern Y, Silva SG, et al. Influence of Cognitive Reserve on Neuropsychological Functioning in Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(2):148–53.

  18. Bieliauskas LA, Back-Madruga C, Lindsay KL, Wright EC, Kronfol Z, Lok ASF, et al. Cognitive reserve and neuropsychological functioning in patients infected with hepatitis C. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007;13(4):687–92.

  19. Pinter D, Sumowski J, DeLuca J, Fazekas F, Pichler A, Khalil M, et al. Higher education moderates the effect of T2 lesion load and third ventricle width on cognition in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):1-5.

  20. Luerding R, Gebel S, Gebel E-M, Schwab-Malek S, Weissert R. Influence of Formal Education on Cognitive Reserve in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol. 2016;7:1–9.

  21. Hindle J V, Hurt CS, Burn DJ, Brown RG, Samuel M, Wilson KC, et al. The effects of cognitive reserve and lifestyle on cognition and dementia in Parkinson’s disease-a longitudinal cohort study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;31(1):13–23.

  22. Armstrong MJ, Naglie G, Duff-Canning S, Meaney C, Gill D, Eslinger PJ, et al. Roles of Education and IQ in Cognitive Reserve in Parkinson’s Disease-Mild Cognitive Impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2012;2(1):343–52.

  23. Bonner-Jackson A, Long JD, Westervelt H, Tremont G, Aylward E, Paulsen JS. Cognitive reserve and brain reserve in prodromal Huntington’s disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2013;19(7):739–50.

  24. de la Serna E, Andrés-Perpiñá S, Puig O, Baeza I, Bombin I, Bartrés-Faz D, et al. Cognitive reserve as a predictor of two year neuropsychological performance in early onset first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013;143(1):125–31.

  25. Forcada I, Mur M, Mora E, Vieta E, Bartrés-Faz D, Portella MJ. The influence of cognitive reserve on psychosocial and neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(2):214–22.

  26. Santamarina P, Corral M, Santamarina Perez P, Corral M. Influencia de la reserva cognitiva en el rendimiento neuropsicológico de los pacientes con epilepsia. Med Clin (Barc). 2009;132(12):459–62.

  27. García-Molina A, Enseñat-Cantallops A, Sánchez-Carrión R, Rodríguez P, Tormos JMJM, Roig-Rovira T, et al. Variabilidad interindividual en la recuperación después de un traumatismo craneoencefálico: efecto de la reserva cognitiva. Med Clin (Barc). 2013;140(12):527–31.

  28. Schneider EB, Sur S, Raymont V, Duckworth J, Kowalski RG, Efron DT, et al. Functional recovery after moderate/severe traumatic brain injury: a role for cognitive reserve? Neurology. 2014;82(18):1636–42.

  29. Rassovsky Y, Levi Y, Agranov E, Sela-Kaufman M, Sverdlik A, Vakil E. Predicting long-term outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2015;37(4):354–66.

  30. Sánchez JL, Torrellas C, Martín J, Barrera I. Study of sociodemographic variables linked to lifestyle and their possible influence on cognitive reserve. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2011;33(8):874–91.

  31. Gajewski PD, Wild-Wall N, Schapkin SA, Erdmann U, Freude G, Falkenstein M. Effects of aging and job demands on cognitive flexibility assessed by task switching. Biol Psychol. 2010;85(2):187–99.

  32. Fazeli PL, Woods SP, Heaton RK, Umlauf A, Gouaux B, Rosario D, et al. An active lifestyle is associated with better neurocognitive functioning in adults living with HIV infection. J Neurovirol. 2014;20(3):233–42.

  33. Sheppard DP, Woods SP, Bondi MW, Gilbert PE, Massman PJ, Doyle KL. Does Older Age Confer an Increased Risk of Incident Neurocognitive Disorders Among Persons Living with HIV Disease? Clin Neuropsychol. 2015;29(5):656–77.

  34. Ghaffar O, Fiati M, Feinstein A. Occupational attainment as a marker of cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):1-6.

  35. Verghese J, Cuiling W, Katz MJ, Sanders A, Lipton RB, Wang C, et al. Leisure activities and risk of vascular cognitive impairment in older adults. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2009;22(2):110–8.

  36. Amato MP, Razzolini L, Goretti B, Stromillo ML, Rossi F, Giorgio A, et al. Cognitive reserve and cortical atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Neurology. 2013;80(19):1728–33.

  37. Lifshitz-Vahav H, Shnitzer S, Mashal N. Participation in recreation and cognitive activities as a predictor of cognitive performance of adults with/without Down syndrome. Aging Ment Health. 2015:1–10.

  38. OMS. Informe Mundial sobre el envejecimiento y la salud [Internet]. Organización Mundial de la Salud. 2015.

  39. Roldán-Tapia L, García J, Cánovas R, León I. Cognitive reserve, age, and their relation to attentional and executive functions. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2012;19(1):2–8.

  40. Adam S, Bay C, Bonsang E, Germain S, Perelman S. Occupational activities and cognitive reserve: A frontier approach applied to the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). CREPP WP. 2006; Disponible de: http://hdl. handle.net/2268/72515

  41. Barnett JH, Salmond CH, Jones PB, Sahakian BJ. Cognitive reserve in neuropsychiatry. Psychol Med. 2006;36(8):1053–64.

  42. Mestas L, Salvador J, Gordillo F. Reserva cognitiva y déficit en la planificación en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple. Rev la Asoc Española Neuropsiquiatría. 2012;32(113):55–65.

  43. Adell-Serrano B, Perrot-González JCC, Escribano Stable D a. A, Castañeda-Galeano VEE, Usabiaga Bernal T, Aguilar Naranjo JJJ. Relación entre reserva cognitiva y déficit cognitivo en el ictus. Rehabilitación. 2013;47(1):27–34.

  44. Anaya C, Torrent C, Caballero FF, Vieta E, Bonnin C del M, Ayuso-Mateos JL, et al. Cognitive reserve in bipolar disorder: Relation to cognition, psychosocial functioning and quality of life. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;133(5):386–98.

  45. Lucero C, Campbell MC, Flores H, Maiti B, Perlmutter JS, Foster ER. Cognitive reserve and β-amyloid pathology in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(8):1–6.

  46. Sumowski JF, Rocca MA, Leavitt VM, Riccitelli G, Comi G, DeLuca J, et al. Brain reserve and cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis: what you’ve got and how you use it. Neurology. 2013;80(24):2186–93.

  47. Legendre SA, Stern RA, Solomon DA, Furman MJ, Smith KE. The Influence of Cognitive Reserve on Memory Following Electroconvulsive Therapy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;15(3):333–9.

  48. Stern Y. Cognitive reserve: implications for assessment and intervention. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2013;65(2):49–54.

  49. Sumowski JF, Leavitt VM. Cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2013;19(9):1122–7.

  50. Richards M, Sacker A. Lifetime Antecedents of Cognitive Reserve. Stern Y, editor. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. (Neuropsychology, Dev Cogn Sect A). 2003;25(5):614–24.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com