medigraphic.com
Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.

2018, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Rev Mex Neuroci 2018; 19 (1)

Lymphatic system: drainage cerebral pathway, historical and conceptual review

Martínez-Tapia RJ, Estrada-Rojo F, Hernández-Chávez AA, Barajas-Martínez A, Flores-Avalos LA, Chavarría A, Navarro L

Language: Spanish
References: 53
Page: 104-116
PDF size: 333.00 Kb.


ABSTRACT

For more than 100 years the works carried out by Santiago Ramón y Cajal supported the nervous system studies to focus on a single cell, the neuron, resulting in a “neurocentric” perspective, averting the sight from other important cellular components of nervous tissue such as neuroglia. At the same time, significant advances were made in the field of immunology, consolidating concepts such as blood-brain barrier, generating the idea of the nervous system as an immunologically privileged site, thus relegating to the background the research between the interactions in these systems.
Nowadays the scientific and technological advance has enabled to show that the neuron, although an essential component both morphologically and functionally, is not the only actor in the functioning nervous system. Today the glymphatic system, a brain drainage system that relies on the adequate neuroglia functioning, particularly the astrocytes, must be paid attention if we want to know about the integral view of how the nervous system works and how it interacts with the immune system.
This paper aims to show the current state of the art regarding knowledge of the glymphatic system, and how this knowledge is changing paradigms of study and is also giving birth to several questions previously hidden by the “neurocentric” approach.


REFERENCES

  1. Mascagni P, Bellini GB. Istoria Completa Dei Vasi Linfatici.Vol. II Florence: Presso Eusebio Pacini e Figlio. 1816: p. 195.

  2. Lukić IK, Glunčić V, Ivkić G, Hubenstorf, Marušić A. Virtual dissection: a lesson from the 18th century. Lancet. 2003; 362(9401): 2110–2113.

  3. Di Matteo B, Tarabella V, Filardo G, Viganò A, Tomba P, Kon E, Marcacci M. Art in Science: Giovanni Paolo Mascagni and the Art of Anatomy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015; 473(3): 783–788.

  4. Key A, Retzius, G. Studien in der Anatomie des Nervensystems und des Bindegewebes. Stockholm: Samson och Wallin. 1875.

  5. Virchow, R. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur wissenschaftlichen Medicin. Frankfurt a. M: Meidinger. 1856.

  6. Somjen GG. Nervenkitt: Notes on the history of the concept of neuroglia. Glia. 1988; 1(1): 2–9.

  7. Golgi C. Contribuzione alla fina Anatomia degli organi centrali del sistema nervosos. Riv Clin di Bol. 1871 Vol. II, 11: 371–380.

  8. Lenhossék M. Der feinere Bau des Nervensystems im Lichte neuester Forschungen. Fischer’s Medicinische Buchhandlung. 1893.

  9. Andriezen WL. The Neuroglia Elements in the Human Brain. Br Med J. 1893; 2(1700): 227–230.

  10. Andriezen WL. On a system of fibre-like cells surrounding the blood vessels of the brain of man and mammals, and its physiological significance. Int Monatsschr Anat Physiol. 1893; 10: 532–540.

  11. Ramón y Cajal S. Capítulo VIII Neuroglia. In: Ramón y Cajal S, ed. Textura del sistema nervioso del hombre y de los vertebrados. Gobierno de Aragón. Departamento de Cultura y Turismo 2002: 176–195.

  12. Ribatti D, Nico B, Crivellato, E, Artico M. Development of the blood-brain barrier: A historical point of view. Anat Rec B New Anat. 2006; 289(1): 3–8.

  13. Goldmann E. Die äussere und innere Sekretion des gesunden und kranken Organismus im Lichte der ‘vitalen Färbung’. Beitr Klin Chirurz. 1909; 64: 192–265.

  14. Goldmann E. Vitalfärbung am Zentralnervensystem. Beitrag zur Physioathologie des Plexus Chorioideus und der Hirnhäute. Abh Preuss Akad Wissensch, Physkol Mathem Klasse. 1913; 1: 1–60.

  15. Bechmann I, Galea I, Perry VH. What is the blood-brain barrier (not)? Trends Immunol. 2007; 28: 5–11.

  16. Liddelow SA. Fluids and barriers of the CNS: a historical viewpoint. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2011; 8: 1-16.

  17. Lewandowsky M. Zur lehre der cerebrospinal flüssigkeit. Z Klin Medizin. 1900; 40: 480–494.

  18. Saunders NR, Dreifuss JJ, Dzi egielewska KM, Johansson PA, Habgood MD, Møllgård K, Bauer HC. The rights and wrongs of blood-brain barrier permeability studies: A walk through 100 years of history. Front Neurosci. 2014; 8(404): 1–26.

  19. De Robertis E, Gerschenfeld HM. Submicroscopic Morphology and Function of Glial Cells. Int Rev Neurobiol. 1961; 3: 1–65.

  20. Gray EG. Ultra-structure of synapses of the cerebral cortex and of certain specializations of neuroglial membranes. The Electron Microscope in Anatomy. (1961) Eds. Boyd JD, Johnson FR, Lever JD. London: Edward Arnold.

  21. Reese TS, & Karnovsky MJ. Fine structural localizatin of blood-brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase. J Cell Biol. 1967; 34(1): 207–217.

  22. Medawar PB. Immunity to homologous grafted skin; the fate of skin homografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue, and to the anterior chamber of the eye. Br J Exp Pathol. 1948; 29(1): 58–69.

  23. Barker CF, Billingham RE. Immunologically privileged sites. Adv Immunol. 1977; 25: 1–54.

  24. Abbott NJ, Romero IA. Transporting therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Med Today. 1996; 2(3): 106–113.

  25. Chow BW, Gu C. The molecular constituents of the blood-brain barrier. Trends Neurosci. 2015; 38(10): 598–608.

  26. Banks WA. From blood-brain barrier to blood-brain interface: new opportunities for CNS drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016; 15(4): 275–292.

  27. Krizbai I, Wilhelm I, Bauer HC, Bauer H. The role of glia in the formation and function of the Blood- Brain barrier. In: Kettenmann H. & Ransom BR, eds. Neuroglia. 3rd ed. Oxford, England Oxford UniversityPress 2013: 417–429.

  28. Hawkins BT, Davis TP. The blood-brain barrier/neurovascular unit in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev. 2005; 57(2): 173–185.

  29. Lecrux C, Hamel E. The neurovascular unit in brain function and disease. Acta Physiol. (Oxf). 2011; 203(1): 47–59.

  30. Muoio V, Persson PB, Sendeski MM. The neurovascular unit – concept review. Acta Physiol. (Oxf). 2014; 210(4): 790-798.

  31. Iadecola C. The Neurovasculr Unit Coming of Age: A Journey through Neurovascular Coupling in Health and Disease. Neuron. 2017; 96(1): 17–42.

  32. Engelhardt B, Vajkoczy P, Weller RO. The movers and shapers in immune privilege of the CNS. Nat Immunol. 2017; 18: 123–131.

  33. Iliff JJ & Nedergaard M. Is there a cerebral lymphatic system? Stroke. 2013; 44: S93-5.

  34. Loukas M, Bellary SS, Kuklinski M, Ferrauiola J, Yadav A, Shoja MM, et al. The lymphatic system: a historical perspective. Clin Anat. 2011; 24(7): 807–816.

  35. Jaramillo-Magaña JJ. Metabolismo cerebral. Anestesiol en Neurocir. 2013; 36: 183–185.

  36. Glasby MA & Myles LM. Applied physiology of the CNS. Surg. 2005; 23: 7–12.

  37. Sykova E & Nicholson C. Diffusion in brain extracellular space. Physiol Rev. 2008; 88: 1277–1340.

  38. Koh L, Zakharov A, Johnston M. Integration of the subarachnoid space and lymphatics: is it time to embrace a new concept of cerebrospinal fluid absorption? Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2005; 2, 6: 1–11.

  39. Cserr HF, Harling-Berg CJ, Knopf PM. Drainage of brain extracellular fluid into blood and deep cervical lymph and its immunological significance. Brain Pathol. 1992; 2: 269–276.

  40. Cserr HF, Knopf PM. Cervical lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier and the immunoreactivity of the brain: a new view. Immunol Today. 1992; 13: 507–512.

  41. Thrane AS, Rangroo Thrane V, Nedergaard M. Drowning stars: reassessing the role of astrocytes in brain edema. Trends Neurosci. 2014; 37(11): 620–628.

  42. Jessen NA, Munk ASF, Lundgaard I, Nedergaard M. The Glymphatic System: A Beginner’s Guide. Neurochem Res. 2015; 40: 2583–2599.

  43. Nagelhus EA, Ottersen OP. Physiological roles of aquaporin-4 in brain. Physiol Rev. 2013; 93(4): 1543–62.

  44. Haj-Yasein NN, Vindedal GF, Eilert-Olsen M, Gundersen GA, Skare Ø, Laake P, et al. Glial-conditional deletion of aquaporin-4 (Aqp4) reduces blood-brain water uptake and confers barrier function on perivascular astrocyte endfeet. Proc Natl Acad Sci. U S A. 2011; 108(43): 17815–20.

  45. Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA, et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid beta. Sci Transl Med. 2012; 4(147): 147ra111.

  46. Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science. 2013; 342(6156): 373–377.

  47. Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. Sleep facilitates clearance of metabolites from the brain: glymphatic function in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Rejuvenation Res. 2013; 16(6): 518–523.

  48. Plog BA, Dashnaw ML, Hitomi E, Peng W, Liao Y, Lou N, et al. Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glymphatic system. J Neurosci. 2015; 35(2): 518–526.

  49. Martinez-Vargas M, Estrada-Rojo F, Tabla-Ramon E, Navarro-Argüelles H, Ortiz-Lailzon N, Hernández-Chávez A, et al. Sleep deprivation has a neuroprotective role in a traumatic brain injury of the rat. Neurosci Lett. 2012; 529(2): 118–122.

  50. Morales Gómez, J. J. Papel del sistema canabinérgico en la variación diurna de la neuroprotección frente a un traumatismo craneoencefálico. (Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas) 2013. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México.

  51. Yang L, Kress BT, Weber HJ, Thiyagarajan M, Wang B, Deane R, et al. Evaluating glymphatic pathway function utilizing clinically relevant intrathecal infusion of CSF tracer. J Transl Med. 2013; 11: 107.

  52. Rangroo Thrane V, Thrane AS, Plog BA, Thiyagarajan M, Iliff JJ, Deane R, et al. Paravascular microcirculation facilitates rapid lipid transport and astrocyte signaling in the brain. Sci Rep. 2013; 3: 2582.

  53. Lundgaard I, Li B, Xie L, Kang H, Sanggaard S, Haswell JD, et al. Direct neuronal glucose uptake heralds activity-dependent increases in cerebral metabolism. Nat Commun. 2015; 6: 6807.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com