medigraphic.com
Colegio de Medicina Interna de México.

2016, Number 5

<< Back Next >>

Med Int Mex 2016; 32 (5)

Treatment of a minimally conscious state secondary to a diffuse axonal lesion based on amantadine and zolpidem

Carrillo-Esper R, Flores-Rivera OI, Díaz-Ponce Medrano JA, Peña-Pérez CA, Romero-González JP, Cruz-Santana J, Arrendo-Ruiz P, Díaz-Mendoza A, Otero-Méndez N, Palacios-Castañeda A

Language: Spanish
References: 36
Page: 580-588
PDF size: 700.43 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Traumatic brain injury often causes disorders of consciousness such a minimally conscious or vegetative states. Pharmacologic strategies have been advocated to enhance the neurologic recovery in these patients. Dopaminergic pathways play a significant role in arousal. We report the case of a patient with a minimally conscious state secondary to severe traumatic brain injury, who had response to the prodopaminergic drug amantadine plus zolpidem. Despite the scientific evidence available, further research is necessary to clarify the role of pharmacotherapy with amantadine plus zolpidem in the treatment of vegetative and minimally conscious states, but this combination has been positioning as a hopeful pharmacological strategy.


REFERENCES

  1. Selassie AW, Zaloshnja E, Langlois JA, Miller T, et al. Incidence of long-term disability following traumatic brain injury hospitalization, United States, 2003. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2008;23:123-131.

  2. Tagliaferri F, Compagnone C, Korsic M, Servadei F, Kraus J. A systematic review of brain injury epidemiology in Europe. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2006;148:255-268.

  3. Meythaler J, Peduzzi J, Eleftheriou E, Novack T. Current concepts: diffuse axonal injury–associated traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1461-1471.

  4. Adams JH, Doyle D, Ford I, Gennarelli TA, et al. Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis and grading. Histopathology 1989;15:49-59.

  5. Povlishock JT, Erb DE, Astruc J. Axonal response to traumatic brain injury: reactive axonal change, deafferentation, and neuroelasticity. J Neurotrauma 1992;9:189-200.

  6. Bakay RA, Sweeney KM, Wood JH. Pathophysiology of cerebrospinal fluid in head injury: Part 1. Pathological changes in cerebrospinal fluid solute composition after traumatic injury. Neurosurgery 1986;18:234-243.

  7. Hamill RW, Woolf PD, McDonald JV, Lee LA, Kelly M. Catecholamines predict outcome in traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol 1987;21:438-443.

  8. Schiff ND. Recovery of consciousness after severe brain injury: the role of arousal regulation mechanisms and some speculation on the heart-brain interface. Cleve Clin J Med 2010;77:27-33.

  9. Scanell JW, Burns GA, Hilgetag CC, O’Neil MA, Young MP. The connectional organization of the cortico-thalamic system of the cat. Cereb Cortex 1999;9:277-299.

  10. Castaigne P, Lhermitte F, Buge A, Escourolle R, et al. Paramedian thalamic and midbrain infarct: clinical and neuropathological study. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008:1129:105-118.

  11. Adams JH, Graham DI, Jennett B. The neuropathology of the vegetative state after acute insult. Brain 2000;123:1327-1338.

  12. Morel A, Liu J, Wannier T, Jeanmonod D, Rouiller EM. Divergence and convergence of thalamocortical projections to premotor and supplementary motor cortex: a multiple tracing study in the macaque monkey. Eur J Neurosci 2005;21:1007-1029.

  13. Deschenes M, Bourassa J, Parent A. Striatal and cortical projections of single neurons from the central lateral thalamic nucleus in the rat. Neuroscience 1996;72:679-687.

  14. Grillner S, Hellgren J, Ménard A, Saitoh K, Wikström MA. Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs roles for the striatum and pallidum. Trends Neurosci 2005;28:364-370.

  15. Schiff ND. Recovery of consciousness after brain injury: a mesocircuit hypothesis. Trends Neurosci 2010;33:1-9.

  16. Kato T, Nakayama N, Yasokawa Y, Okumura A, et al. Statistical image analysis of cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with cognitive impairment following diffuse traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2007;24:919-926.

  17. Zafonte RD, Lexell J, Cullen N. Possible applications for dopaminergic agents following traumatic brain injury: part 2. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2001;16:112-116.

  18. Macchio GJ, Ito V, Sahgal V. Amantadine induced coma. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74:1119-1120.

  19. Zafonte RD, Lexell J, Cullen N. Possible applications for dopaminergic agents following traumatic brain injury: part 2. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2001;16:112-116.

  20. Gianutsos G, Stewart C, Dunn JP. Pharmacological changes in dopaminergic systems induced by long-term administration of amantadine. Eur J Pharmacol 1985;110:357-361.

  21. Brefel-Courbon C, Payoux P, Ory F, Sommet A, et al. Clinical and imaging evidence of zolpidem effect in hypoxic encephalopathy. Ann Neurol 2007;62:102-105.

  22. Williams ST, Conte MM, Goldfine AM, Noirhomme Q, et al. Common resting brain dynamics indicate a possible mechanism underlying zolpidem response in severe braininjury. ELife 2013;2:01157.

  23. Schiff ND, Posner JB. Another “awakenings”. Ann Neurol 2007;62:5-7.

  24. Cohen SI, Duong TT. Increased arousal in a patient with anoxic brain injury after administration of zolpidem. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008;87:229-231.

  25. Williams ST, Conte MM, Kobylarz EJ, Hersh JE, et al. Quantitative neurophysiologic characterization of a paradoxical response to zolpidem in a severely brain-injured human subject. Program No. 541.6/R9. 2009 Neuroscience Meeting Planner. Chicago, IL: Society for Neuroscience, 2009. Online.

  26. Chen L, Savio Chan C, Yung WH. Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of zolpidem in rat globus pallidus. Exp Neurol 2004;186:212-220.

  27. Gualtieri T, Chandler M, Coons TB, Brown LT. Amantadine: a clinical profile for traumatic brain injury. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989;12:258-270.

  28. Meythaler JM, Brunner R, Johnson A, Novack TA. Amantadine to improve neurorecovery in traumatic brain injury– associated diffuse axonal injury: a pilot double-blind randomized trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2002;17:300-313.

  29. Cardenas DD, McLean A. Psychopharmacologic management of traumatic brain injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin North Am 1992;3:273-290.

  30. Giacino JT, Whyte J, Bagiella E, Kalmar K, et al. Placebocontrolled trial of amantadine for severe traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2012;366:819-826.

  31. Hammond F, Bickett AK, Norton JH, Pershad R. Effectiveness of amantadine hydrochloride in the reduction of chronic traumatic brain injury irritability and aggression. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2014;29:391-399.

  32. Du B, Shan A, Zhang Y, Zhong X, et al. Zolpidem arouses patients in vegetative state after brain injury: quantitative evaluation and indications. Am J Med Sci 2014;347:178- 182.

  33. Du B, Shan AJ, Yang D. Induced arousal following zolpidem treatment in a vegetative state after brain injury in 7 cases: analysis using visual single photon emission computerized tomography and digitized cerebral state monitor. Neural Regen Res 2008;3:94-96.

  34. Hovda DA, Lee SM, Smith ML, et al. The neurochemical and metabolic cascade following brain injury: moving from animal models to man. J Neurotrauma 1995;12:903- 906.

  35. Witte OW, Stoll G. Delayed and remote effects of focal cortical infarctions: secondary damage and reactive plasticity. Adv Neurol 1997;73:207-227.

  36. Whyte J, Rajan R, Rosenbaum A, Katz D, et al. Zolpidem and restoration of consciousness. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2014;93:101-113.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com