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Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2005, Number 2

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salud publica mex 2005; 47 (2)

Effect of a School Breakfast Program on the prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in children

Ramírez-López E, Grijalva-Haro MI, Valencia ME, Ponce JA, Artalejo E

Language: Spanish
References: 72
Page: 126-133
PDF size: 100.40 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective. To determine the effect of a School Breakfast Program on obesity and some cardiovascular risk factors in 6 to 10 year old schoolchildren. Material and Methods. A quasi-experimental prospective study was conducted in 2002-2003, in 17 municipalities of Sonora State, Mexico. The intervention group consisted of 254 children participating in a School Breakfast Program (SBP group). The control group (NSBP group, n=106) included children who did not participate in the program. In both groups the body mass index for age (BMI/age) and body composition by electrical resistance using bioelectrical bioimpedance analysis (BIA) were estimated at the beginning and at the end of a 9-month period. In a subgroup of 264 school-children (SBP and NSBP children), serum cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting glucose were measured at the start and at the end of the program. Results. The body mass index in the SBP and NSBP groups was not different at the start or at the end of the school period (p›0.05). The proportion of overweight and obese children and the percentage fat remained similar in both groups. However, the lean mass increased (p›.05) at the end of the school period in both groups, and hence, cannot be attributed to the program. The biochemical parameters showed no change (p›0.05) in blood glucose, total serum cholesterol, and triglycerides in either group at the end of the school period. Conclusions. Study results showed no evidence of a negative effect of SBP in terms of risk factors for obesity and cardiovascular disease.


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  14. Lowinska B, Urban M, Koput A, Gamar A. New atherosclerosis factor in obese, hypertensive, and diabetic children and adolescents. Atherosclerosis 2003;167:275-286.

  15. Srinivasan SR, Myers L, Berenson GS. Predictability of childhood adiposity and insulin for developing insulin resistance syndrome (Syndrome X) in young adult. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes 2002;51:204-209.

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  26. Grantham-Mcgregor SM, Chang S, Walker SP. Evaluation of school feeding programs: Some Jamaican examples. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67 Suppl:785S-789S.

  27. Powell CA, Walker SP, Chang SM, Grantham-McGregor SM. Nutrition and education: A randomized trial of the effects of breakfast in rural primary school children. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:873-879.

  28. Ellis KJ. Select body composition methods can be used in field studies. J Nutr 2001;131 Suppl:1589S-1598S.

  29. Ruxton CHS, Reilly JJ, Kirk TR. Body composition of healthy 7- and 8-year old children and comparison with the reference child. Int J Obes Metab Disord 1999;23:1276-1281.

  30. Rocandio AM, Ansotegui L, Arroyo M. Relación entre el desayuno y la obesidad en escolares. Rev Clin Esp 2000; 200:420-423.

  31. Maffeis C, Provera S, Filippi L, Sidoti G, Schena S, Pinelli L et al. Distribution of food intake as a risk factor for childhood obesity. Int J Obes Metab Disord 2000;24:75-80.

  32. United States Department of Agriculture/Food and Consumer Service/National School Lunch and School Breakfast Program: School meals initiative for healthy children. Federal Registrer 1995;60:31188-31222.

  33. Collin R. The impact of public schools on childhood obesity. JAMA 2002; 288:2180.

  34. Wildey MV, Pampalone SZ, Pelletier RL, Zive MM, Elder JP, Sallys JF. Fat and sugar levels are high in snacks purchased from student stores from middle schools. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:319-322.

  35. Sunehag AL, Toffolio G, Treuth MS, Butte NF, Cobelli C, Bier DM et al. Effects of dietary macronutrient content on glucose metabolism in children. J Clin Endocr Metab 2002;87:5168-5178.

  36. Kennedy E, Davis C. US Department of Agriculture School Breakfast Program. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67 Suppl:798S-803S.

  37. Florencio CA. Developments and variations in school-based feeding programs around the world. Nutr Today 2001;36:29-36.

  38. Barquera S, Rivera-Dommarco J, Gasca-García A. Políticas y programas de alimentación y nutrición en México. Salud Publica Mex 2001;43:464-477.

  39. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación/Organización Mundial de la Salud/Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Nutrition Meeting Report. Energy and protein requirement. Report of joint FAO/OMS/ONU expert consultation. Ginebra: OMS; 1985. Series num. 724.

  40. Grijalva MI, Valencia ME, Ortega MI, Ponce JA, Pacheco B, Robles A et al. Programa de desayunos escolares: evaluación sobre el impacto en el estado de nutrición, hierro y retinol sérico en niños de la zona rural sur de Sonora y zona urbana marginada de la ciudad de Hermosillo, Sonora. Servicios de salud de Sonora. Boletín Informativo 2000;10:4-53.

  41. Grijalva MI, Valencia ME, Ortega MI, Vera A, ed. Evaluación del impacto de un programa de desayunos escolares en el estado nutricio y el desarrollo cognitivo-motor en niños de primer grado de la zona urbana de Hermosillo, Sonora. Reporte Técnico DN-DNH/DHBS-001.99. Hermosillo-Sonora: Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo; 1999.

  42. Márquez-Acosta M, Sutil-de-Naranjo R, Rivas-de-Yépez CE, Rincón-Silva M, Torres M, Yépez RD et al. Influence of breakfast on cognitive functions of children from an urban area in Valencia, Venezuela. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2001; 51:57-63.

  43. Jacoby ER, Cueto S, Pollitt E. When science and politics listen to each other: Good prospects from a new School Breakfast Program in Peru. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67Suppl:795S-797S.

  44. Burghardt JA, Gordon AR, Fraker TM. Meals offered in the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61 Suppl:187S-198S.

  45. Osganian SK, Nicklas T, Stone E, Nichaman E, Ebzery MK, Lytle L et al. Perspectives on the school nutrition dietary assessment study from the child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61Suppl:241S-244S.

  46. Friedman BJ, Hurd-Crixell SL. Nutrient intake of children eating school breakfast. Am J Diet Assoc 1999;99:219-221.

  47. De Onis M, Blösner M. Prevalence and trends of overweight among preschool children in developing countries. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:1032-1039.

  48. Asayama K, Hayashi K, Hayashibe H, Uchida N, Nakane T, Kodera K et al. Relationships between an index of body fat distribution (based on waist and hip circumferences) and stature, and biochemical complications in obese children. Int J Obes Metab Disord 1998;22: 1209-1216.

  49. Lowinska B, Urban M, Koput A, Gamar A. New atherosclerosis factor in obese, hypertensive, and diabetic children and adolescents. Atherosclerosis 2003;167:275-286.

  50. Srinivasan SR, Myers L, Berenson GS. Predictability of childhood adiposity and insulin for developing insulin resistance syndrome (Syndrome X) in young adult. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes 2002;51:204-209.

  51. Hernández B, Dommarco J, Shamah T, Cuevas L, Ramírez I, Camacho M et al. Escolares. En: Dommarco J, Shamah T, Villalpando S, González T, Hernández B, Sepúlveda J, ed. Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición 1999. Estado nutricio de niños y mujeres en México. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 2001;69-101.

  52. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z et al. 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11 2002;246:147-148.

  53. Macías N, Calderón de la Barca AM, Bolaños A, Alemán H, Esparza J, Valencia ME. Body composition in Mexican adults by air displacement pletismography (ADP) with the bod-pod and deuterium oxide dilution using infrared spectroscopy (IRS-DOD). Food Nutr Bull 2002;23 Suppl:99-102.

  54. Kleinbaum DG, Kuuper-Laurence L, Muller KE. Applied regression analysis and other multivariated methods. 2a edición. Belmont (CA): Duxbury Press; 1988.

  55. Deuremberg P, van der Kooy K, Leenen R, Weststrate JA, Seidell JC. Sex and specific prediction formulas for estimating body composition from bioelectrical Impedance: A cross-validation st. Int J Obes Metab Dis 1991;15:17.

  56. Rush EC, Puniani K, Valencia ME, Davies PS, Plank LD. Estimation of body fatness from body mass index and bioelectrical impedance: Comparison of New Zealand European, Maori and Pacific Island children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:1394-1401.

  57. Siedel J, Schulumberger H, Klose S. Improved reagent for the enzymatic determination of serum cholesterol. J Clin Chem Biochem 1981;19:838-839.

  58. Wahlefeld AW, Bergmeyer HV. Methoden der enzymatishen analyse. 2a edición. Vol III. Weinheim: Verlag Chemir; 1978.

  59. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Cholesterol in childhood. Pediatrics 1998;101:141-147.

  60. American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 2000;23:381-389.

  61. Pajuelo J, Rocca J, Camarra M. Obesidad Infantil: sus características antropométricas y bioquímicas. An Fac Med Universidad Mayor de San Marcos 2003; 64:21-26.

  62. Grantham-Mcgregor SM, Chang S, Walker SP. Evaluation of school feeding programs: Some Jamaican examples. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67 Suppl:785S-789S.

  63. Powell CA, Walker SP, Chang SM, Grantham-McGregor SM. Nutrition and education: A randomized trial of the effects of breakfast in rural primary school children. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:873-879.

  64. Ellis KJ. Select body composition methods can be used in field studies. J Nutr 2001;131 Suppl:1589S-1598S.

  65. Ruxton CHS, Reilly JJ, Kirk TR. Body composition of healthy 7- and 8-year old children and comparison with the reference child. Int J Obes Metab Disord 1999;23:1276-1281.

  66. Rocandio AM, Ansotegui L, Arroyo M. Relación entre el desayuno y la obesidad en escolares. Rev Clin Esp 2000; 200:420-423.

  67. Maffeis C, Provera S, Filippi L, Sidoti G, Schena S, Pinelli L et al. Distribution of food intake as a risk factor for childhood obesity. Int J Obes Metab Disord 2000;24:75-80.

  68. United States Department of Agriculture/Food and Consumer Service/National School Lunch and School Breakfast Program: School meals initiative for healthy children. Federal Registrer 1995;60:31188-31222.

  69. Collin R. The impact of public schools on childhood obesity. JAMA 2002; 288:2180.

  70. Wildey MV, Pampalone SZ, Pelletier RL, Zive MM, Elder JP, Sallys JF. Fat and sugar levels are high in snacks purchased from student stores from middle schools. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:319-322.

  71. Sunehag AL, Toffolio G, Treuth MS, Butte NF, Cobelli C, Bier DM et al. Effects of dietary macronutrient content on glucose metabolism in children. J Clin Endocr Metab 2002;87:5168-5178.

  72. Kennedy E, Davis C. US Department of Agriculture School Breakfast Program. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67 Suppl:798S-803S.




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