medigraphic.com

2002, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

Vet Mex 2002; 33 (4)

Comparative study on the site and digestion rate of N and starch fractions of four steam-flaked cereals in finishing

Plascencia JA, Arellano GE, López SMA, Avery ZR

Language: English/Spanish
References: 56
Page: 371-386
PDF size: 95.44 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Four Holstein steers (157 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used to compare characteristics of digestion of steam-flaked corn, wheat, barley and sorghum. The basal diet contained (DM basis) 81% of grain. Ruminal organic matter (OM) digestibility was lower (P ‹ 0.05) for sorghum than for wheat, and barley (57% vs. 71% and 67%, respectively). Greater (P ‹ 0.05) ruminal starch digestibility was observed for wheat and barley (92%) than for corn and sorghum (83%). Even if there were no differences in postruminal digestion of starch (P › 0.10), postruminal digestibility of OM was lower (P ‹ 0.05) for barley (61%) than for wheat (67%). Ruminal digestion of N was greater (P ‹ 0.05) for wheat (80%) and barley (72%) than for corn (60%) and sorghum (46%). Postruminal digestion of N was greater (P ‹ 0.05) for wheat (79%) than for barley (76%), corn (74%) and sorghum (71%). Total tract digestion of OM was greater (P ‹ 0. 05) for wheat (85%) than for corn (82%), barley (80%), and sorghum (79%). Total tract digestion of starch for all grain was greater than 98%. Dietary digestible energy (DE,Mcal/kg) was greater (P ‹ 0.05) with corn (3.52) and wheat (3.59) than with barley (3.35) and sorghum (3.34). Given that the DE and ruminal undegradable intake protein (UIP) values that the NRC assigns to steam-flaked corn are 4.10 Mcal/kg and 57%, then the corresponding replacement DE and UIP values for steam-flaked wheat, barley, and sorghum obtained in the present study were 4.19 and 21.5 Mcal/kg, 3.89 and 34.8 Mcal/kg, and 3.88 Mcal/kg and 63.4%, respectively. It is concluded that current standards of the NRC significantly underestimate the net energy and ruminal escape protein values of steam-flaked barley, wheat and sorghum.


REFERENCES

  1. 1. Lee RW, Gaylean ML, Lofgreen GP. Effects of mixing whole shelled and steam-flaked corn in finishing diets on feedlot performance and site and extent of digestion in beef steers. J Anim Sci 1982;55:475-483.

  2. 2. Zinn RA. Influence of lasalocid and monensin plus tylosin on comparative feeding value of steam-flaked versus dry-rolled corn diets for feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 1987;65:256-266.

  3. 3. Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill J,Gill DR. The effect of grain source and grain processing on performance of feedlot cattle: A review. J Anim Sci 1997;75:868-879.

  4. 4. Zinn RA. Influence of flake thickness on the feeding value of steam-rolled wheat for feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 1994;72:21-28.

  5. 5. Zinn RA, Montaño M, Shen Y. Comparative feeding value of hulles vs. covered barley for feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 1996;74:1187-1193.

  6. 6. Beauchemin KA, Yang WZ, Rode LM. Effects of barley grain processing on the site and extent of digestion of beef feedlot finishing diets. J Anim Sci 2001;79:1925-1936.

  7. 7. National Research Council. Nutrient requirement of beef cattle, 7th ed. Washington (DC): National Academy Press, 1996.

  8. 8. Matsushima JK, Montgomery RL. The thick and thin of flaked corn. Colo Farm Home Res 1967;17:4.

  9. 9. Ramirez RG, Kiesling HE, Gaylean ML, Lofgreen GP, Elliot JK. Influence of steam-flaked, steam-whole or whole shelled corn on performance and digestion in beef steers. J Anim Sci 1985;61:1-8.

  10. Zinn RA, Adams CF, Tamayo MS. Interaction of feed intake level on comparative ruminal and total tract digestion of dry rolled and steam-flaked corn. J Anim Sci 1995;73:1239-1245.

  11. Barajas R, Zinn RA. The feeding value of dry rolled and steam-flaked corn in finishing diets for feedlot cattle: Influence of protein supplementation. J Anim Sci 1998;76:1744-1752.

  12. Plascencia A, Lopez-Soto MA, Calderon-Cortes JF, Arellano GE, Zinn RA. Influence of cracked, coarse grind, or fine grind of corn on digestion and rumen function in steers fed a corn-based diet. Proc West Sect Am Soc Anim Sci 1998;49:277-282.

  13. Spicer LA, Theurer CB, Sowe J, Noon TH. Ruminal and postruminal utilization of nitrogen and starch from sorghum grain, corn-and barley based diets by beef steers. J Anim Sci 1986;62:521-530.

  14. Rahnema SH, Theurer B, Garcis JA, Hale WH, Young MC. Site of protein digestion in steers fed sorghum grain diets. II Effect of grain processing methods. J Anim Sci 1987;64:1541-1547.

  15. Rodriguez SA, Montaño MF, Plascencia A, Zinn RA. Comparative digestion of steam-flaked corn, barley, wheat, and oats in finishing for feedlot cattle. Proc West Section Am Soc Anim Sci 2000;51:544-548.

  16. Theurer CB, Lozano O, Alio A, Delgado-Elorduy A, Sadik M, Huber JT, Zinn RA. Steam-processed corn and sorghum grain flaked at different densities alter ruminal, small intestinal, and total tract digestibilities of starch by beef steers. J Anim Sci 1999b;77:2824-2831.

  17. Zinn RA, Plascencia A. Interaction of whole cottonseed and fat on rumen function in feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 1993;71:11-17.

  18. Bergen WG, Purcer DB, Cline JH. Effect of ration on the nutritive quality of rumen microbial protein. J Anim Sci 1968;27:1497-1501.

  19. AOAC. Official methods of analysis, 12th ed. Official Analytical Chemists, Washington (DC): 1984.

  20. Zinn RA. Influence of flake density on the comparative feeding value of steam-flaked corn for feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 1990;68:767-775.

  21. Zinn RA, Owens FN. A rapid procedure for purine measurement and its use for estimating net ruminal synthesis. Can J Anim Sci 1996;66:157-164.

  22. Hill FN. Anderson DL. Comparison of metabolizable energy and productive energy determination with growing chicks. J Nutr 1958; 64:587-594.

  23. Hicks CR. Fundamental concepts in the design of experiments, 2nd ed. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 1973.

  24. Huntington GB. Starch utilization by ruminants: from basics to the bunk. J Anim Sci 1997;75:852-867.

  25. Zinn RA. Comparative feeding value of steam-flaked corn and sorghum in finishing diets supplemented with or without sodium bicarbonate. J Anim Sci 1991;69:905-916.

  26. Zinn RA, Borquez JL. Influence of sodium bicarbonate and monensin on utilization of a fat-supplemented, high-energy diet by feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 1993; 71:18-25.

  27. McAllister TA, Phillipe RC, Rode LM, Cheng KJ. Effect of the protein matrix on the digestion of cereal grains by ruminal microorganisms. J Anim Sci 1993;71:205-212.

  28. Rooney LW, Pflugfelder RL. Factors affecting starch digestibility with special emphasis on sorghum and corn. J Anim Sci 1986;63:1607-1623.

  29. Zinn RA. Comparative feeding value of supplemental fat in steam-flaked corn-and steam-flaked wheat-based finishing diets for feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 1992;70: 2959.

  30. Zinn RA. Influence of processing on the comparative feeding value of barley for feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 1993;71:3-10.

  31. Zinn RA. Influence of level and source of dietary fat on its comparative feeding value in finishing diets for feedlot steers: Metabolism. J Anim Sci 1989b;67:1038-1049.

  32. Zinn RA, Barajas R. Influence of flake density on the comparative feeding value of barley-corn blend for feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 1997;75:904-909.

  33. Xiong Y, Bartle SJ, Preston RL. Density of steam-flaked sorghum grain, roughage level, and feeding regimen for feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 1991;69:1707-1718.

  34. Owens FN, Zinn RA, Kim YK. Limits to starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine. J Anim Sci 1986;63:1634-1648.

  35. National Research Council. Ruminant nitrogen usage, Washington (DC):National Academy Press. 1985.

  36. Hibberd CA, Warger DG, Hintz RL, Griffin DD. Effect of sorghum grain variety and reconstitution on site and extent of starch and protein digestion in steers. J Anim Sci 1985;61:702-712.

  37. Streeter MN, Warner DG, Owens FN, Hibberd CA. Combinations of high-moisture harvested sorghum grain and dry-rolled corn: effects of site and extent of digestion in beef heifers. J Anim Sci 1989;67:1623-1633.

  38. Potter GD, McNeill SW, Riggs JK. Utilization of processed sorghum grain proteins by steers. J Anim Sci 1971;32:540-543.

  39. Hoseney RC. Principles of cereals science and technology, 2nd ed. Minnesota: American association of cereal chemists, 1994.

  40. Combs D, Shavers R, Howard T. Protein sources for dairy cattle. Feed Mgmt 1991;42:33.

  41. Zinn RA, Alvarez EG, Montaño MF, Plascencia A, Ramirez JE. Influence of tempering on the feeding value of corn in finishing diets for feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 1998;76:2239-2246.

  42. Steeter MN, Wagner DG, Owens FN, Hibberd CA. The effect of pure and partial yellow endosperm sorghum grain hybrids on site and extent of digestion in beef steers. J Anim Sci 1991;69:2571-2584.

  43. Theurer CB. Microbial protein synthesis as influenced by diet. In: Church & Dwight, Editors. Regulation of acid-base balance. Piscataway,NJ: Animal Nutrition Group,1979:97-124.

  44. Streeter MN, Wagner DG, Hibberd CA, Owens FN. The effect of sorghum grain variety on site and extent of digestion in beef heifers. J Anim Sci 1990a;68:1121-1132.

  45. Streeter MN, Wagner DG, Hibberd CA, Owens FN. Comparison of corn and four sorghum grain hybrids: site and extent of digestion in beef steers. J Anim Sci 1990b; 68:3429-3440.

  46. Boss L, Bowman JGP. Barley varieties for finishing steers II. Ruminal characteristics and rate, site, and extent of digestion. J Anim Sci 1996;74:1973-1981.

  47. Russell JB. Factors influencing rumen microbial growth and protein yield. Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference; 1994. February 24-25; Phoenix (Az). University of Arizona 1994:1-6.

  48. Russell JB. Effect of amino acids on the heat production and growth efficiency of Streptococcus bovis: balance of anabolic and catabolic rates. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993;54:872-884.

  49. Hale W. Influence of processing on the utilization of grains (starch) by ruminants. J Anim Sci 1973;37:1075-1080.

  50. Theurer CB. Grain processing effects on starch utilization by ruminants. J Anim Sci 1986;63:1649-1662.

  51. National Research Council. Nutrient requirement of beef cattle, 6th ed. Washington (DC): National Academy Press 1984.

  52. Martin JJ, Strasia CA, Gill DR, Owens FN, Lyles D, Herbel ER. Calculated metabolizable energy values of steam-flaked and cracked wheat and corn. Anim Sci Res Rep. Oklahoma State Agricultural Experimental Station Bull Stillwater 1986;107-111.

  53. Brandt RT, Kuhl Jr GL, Campbell RE, Kastner CL, Stroda SL. Effects of steam-flaked sorghum grain or corn and supplemental fat on feedlot performance, carcass traits, longissimus composition, and sensory properties of steer. J Anim Sci 1992;70:343-348.

  54. Huck GL, Kreikemeier KK, Bolsen KK. Effect of reconstituting field-dried and early-harvested sorghum grain on the ensiling characteristics of the grain and on growth performance and carcass merit of feedlot heifers. J Anim Sci 1999:77:1074-1081.

  55. Salinas J, Alvarez EG, Zinn RA. Influence of tempering on the feeding value of steam-flaked sorghum for feedlot cattle. Proc West Section Am Soc Anim Sci 1999; 50: 325-330.

  56. ZAP. Visual feedlot consultant (computer program) version 1.16. VeraSys LLC.1999.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com