medigraphic.com
ISSN 1561-2929 (Print)

2013, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

RCAN 2013; 23 (1)

La biota intestinal, el metabolismo energético, y la Diabetes mellitus

Ochoa C

Language: Spanish
References: 64
Page: 113-129
PDF size: 344.57 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Gut biota comprises billions of bacteria colonizing the human being´s gastrointestinal tract. Gut bacteria differ in their response to Gram stain, their fermentative activity, their capacity to use oxygen, the topographical distribution along the digestive tube, and the family of inclusion (this established from the nucleotide composition of bacteria genome). Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the bacterial families prevalent in the bowel. Changes in dietetic and food styles of the subject, with a reduction of the consumption of dietetic fiber, and an increase of the presence of refined sugars and cereals, and saturated fats, bring about profound changes in the bacterial composition of gut biota that can result in inflammation, peripheral resistance to insulin action, increased deposition of body and visceral fat, and body weight excess. Understanding the ethio- and physio-pathogenic mechanisms by which gut biota influences energy metabolism can shed light new strategies for prevention and treatment of obesity, and accompanying comorbidities included in the Metabolic Syndrome.


REFERENCES

  1. Metchnikoff E. The prolongation of life: Optimistic studies (Editor: Mitchell C). William Heinemann. Londres: 1907. pp 161-83.

  2. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 2010;464:59-65.

  3. Shanahan F. The host-microbe interface within the gut. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002;16:915-31.

  4. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Relman DA. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005;308:1635-1638.

  5. Sonnenburg JL, Angenent LT, Gordon JI. Getting a grip on things: How do communities of bacterial symbionts become established in our intestine? Nature Immunology 2004;5:569-73.

  6. Marathe N, Shetty S, Lanjekar V, Ranade D, Shouche Y. Changes in human gut flora with age: An Indian familial study. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:222.

  7. O’Hara A, Shanahan F. The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:688-93.

  8. Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT. Bacterial diversity in the human gut. Adv Appl Microbiol 2004;54:261-89.

  9. Wexler HM. Bacteroides: The good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20: 593-621.

  10. Mayo B, van Sinderen D. Bifidobacteria: Genomics and molecular aspects. Horizon Scientific Press. London: 2010.

  11. Ljungh Å, Wadström T. Lactobacillus molecular biology: From genomics to probiotics. Caister Academic Press. Londres: 2009.

  12. Mountzouris KC, McCartney AL, Gibson GR. Intestinal microflora of human infants and current trends for its nutritional modulation. Br J Nutr 2002; 87: 405-420.

  13. Gronlund MM, Lehtonen OP, Eerola E, Kero P. Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: Permanent changes in intestinal flora after cesarean delivery. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;28:19-25.

  14. Xu J, Gordon JI. Inaugural Article: Honor thy symbionts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100: 10452-10459.

  15. Woodmansey EJ. Intestinal bacteria and ageing. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:1178-86.

  16. Mariat D, Firmesse O, Levenez F, Guimarăes V, Sokol H, Doré J, Corthier G, Furet JP. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age. BMC Microbiol 2009;9:123.

  17. Biagi E, Nylund L, Candela M, Ostan R, Bucci L, et al. Through ageing, and beyond: Gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians. PLoS One 2010; 5(5):e10667.

  18. Bocci V. The neglected organ: Bacterial flora has a crucial immunostimulatory role. Perspect Biol Med 1992;35:251-60.

  19. Sims IM, Monro JA. Fiber: composition, structures, and functional properties. Adv Food Nutr Res 2013; 68:81-99.

  20. Topping DL, Clifton PM. Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: Roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Physiol Rev 2001; 81:1031-64.

  21. Santana Porbén S. Metabolismo de los sustratos. En: Nutrición enteral y parenteral [Editores: Arenas Márquez H, Anaya Prado R]. Editorial McGraw-Hill Interamericana. Ciudad México: 2007.

  22. Scheppach W. Effects of short chain fatty acids on gut morphology and function. Gut 1994;35:S35-S38.

  23. Jeffery IB, O’Toole PW. Dietmicrobiota interactions and their implications for healthy living. Nutrients 2013;5:234-52.

  24. Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT. Role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1997;21:357-65.

  25. Kamath PS, Phillips SF, Zinsmeister AR. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate ileal motility in humans. Gastroenterology 1988;95:1496-1502.

  26. Ogawa H, Rafiee P, Fisher PJ, Johnson NA, Otterson MF, Binion DG. Butyrate modulates gene and protein expression in human intestinal endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 309:512-9.

  27. Whitehead RH, Young GP, Bhathal PS. Effects of short chain fatty acids on a new human colon carcinoma cell line (LIM1215) Gut 1986;27:1457-63.

  28. Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997;6(Suppl 1):S43-S45.

  29. Mathers JC, Fernández F, Hill MJ, McCarthy PT, Shearer MJ, Oxley A. Dietary modification of potential vitamin K supply from enteric bacterial menaquinones in rats. Br J Nutr 1990; 63:639-52.

  30. Morishita T, Tamura N, Makino T, Kudo S. Production of menaquinones by lactic acid bacteria. J Dairy Sci 1999; 82:1897-1903.

  31. Ramotar K, Conly JM, Chubb H, Louie TJ. Production of menaquinones by intestinal anaerobes. J Infect Dis 1984; 150:213-18.

  32. Leblanc JG, Milani C, de Giori GS, Sesma F, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: A gut microbiota perspective. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013;24:160-8.

  33. Abt MC, Artis D.The intestinal microbiota in health and disease: the influence of microbial products on immune cell homeostasis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2009;25:496-502.

  34. Rowland IR. Interactions of the gut microflora and the host in toxicology. Toxicol Pathol. 1988;16:147-53.

  35. Goldin BR. Intestinal microflora: Metabolism of drugs and carcinogens. Ann Med 1990;22:43-8.

  36. Hart AL, Stagg AJ, Frame M, et al. Review article: The role of the gut flora in health and disease, and its modification as therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:1383-93.

  37. Guarner F, Malagelada JR. Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet 2003; 361:512-9.

  38. Scholz-Ahrens KE, Ade P, Marten B, Weber P, Timm W, Açil Y, et al. Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics affect mineral absorption, bone mineral content, and bone structure. J Nutr 2007; 137:838S-846S.

  39. Angelakis E, Armougom F, Million M, Raoult D. The relationship between gut microbiota and weight gain in humans. Future Microbiology 2012;7:91-109.

  40. Burkitt DP, Walker ARP, Painter NS. Dietary fiber and disease. JAMA 1974; 229:1068-74.

  41. Burkitt DP. Colonic-rectal cancer: Fiber and other dietary factors. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:S58-S64.

  42. Porrata Maury C, para el Grupo Cubano de Estudio de los Factores de Riesgo y Enfermedades No Transmisibles. Consumo y preferencias alimentarias de la población cubana con 15 y más años de edad. RCAN Rev Cub Aliment Nutr 2009;19:87-10.

  43. Wynne K, Stanley S, Bloom S. The gut and regulation of body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2576-82.

  44. Bajzer M, Seeley RJ. Physiology: Obesity and gut flora. Nature 2006;444:1009-10.

  45. Ochoa C, Muñoz G, Orozco Preciado MA, Mendoza Ceballos ML. La importancia del tratamiento integral del Síndrome metabólico en la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. RCAN Rev Cubana Aliment Nutr 2012; 22(2 Supl):S1-S65.

  46. Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013; 9:13-27.

  47. Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2006;444(7121):840-6.

  48. Schinner S, Scherbaum WA, Bornstein SR, Barthel A. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance. Diabet Med 2005; 22:674-82.

  49. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006; 444 (7122): 1027-31.

  50. Ley RE, Backhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2005;102: 11070-5.

  51. De La Serre CB, Ellis CL, Lee J, Hartman AL, Rutledge JC, Raybould HE. Propensity to high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats is associated with changes in the gut microbiota and gut inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010;299:G440-G448.

  52. Backhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2004;101:15718-23.

  53. Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2007;56:1761-72.

  54. Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T, Guiot Y, Everard A, Rottier O, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2- driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut 2009;58:1091-103.

  55. Turnbaugh PJ, Gordon JI. The core gut microbiome, energy balance and obesity. J Physiol 2009;587:4153-8.

  56. Zuo HJ, Xie ZM, Zhang WW, Li YR, Wang W, Ding XB, et al. Gut bacteria alteration in obese people and its relationship with gene polymorphism. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:1076-81.

  57. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009;457(7228): 480-4.

  58. Tavares da Silva S, Araújo dos Santos C, Bressan J. Intestinal microbiota; relevance to obesity and modulation by prebiotics and probiotics. Nutrición Hospitalaria [España] 2013;28:1039-48.

  59. Bäckhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104: 979-84.

  60. Schwiertz A, Taras D, Schäfer K, Beijer S, Bos NA, Donus C, Hardt PD. Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity [Silver Spring] 2010;18:190-5.

  61. Sleeth ML, Thompson EL, Ford HE, Zac-Varghese SE, Frost G. Free fatty acid receptor 2 and nutrient sensing: A proposed role for fibre, fermentable carbohydrates and short-chain fatty acids in appetite regulation. Nutr Res Rev 2010;23:135-45.

  62. Duncan SH, Lobley GE, Holtrop G, Ince J, Johnstone AM, Louis P, et al. Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss. Int J Obes [Londres] 2008;32:1720-4.

  63. Nadal I, Santacruz A, Marcos A, Warnberg J, Garagorri JM, Moreno LA, et al. Shifts in clostridia, bacteroides and immunoglobulin-coating fecal bacteria associated with weight loss in obese adolescents. Int J Obes [Londres] 2009; 33:758-67.

  64. Mallappa RH, Rokana N, Duary RK, Panwar H, Batish VK, Grover S. Management of metabolic syndrome through probiotic and prebiotic interventions. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012;16:20-7.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com