Ríos-Castillo I, Brito A, Olivares M, López-de Romaña D, Pizarro F

Language: Spanish
References: 36
Page: 478-483
PDF size: 172.30 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Objective. To determine the prevalence of anemia and iron status among Chilean women of childbearing age between 1981 and 2010. Materials and methods. Calculation of the prevalence of anemia and iron status was based on multiple cross-sectional iron absorption studies performed in 888 women during this period of time. All studies included measurements of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, zinc protoporphyrin, percentage of transferrin saturation and serum ferritin. Data were grouped by decade (1981-1990, 1991-2000, and 2001-2010). Results. Prevalence of anemia for these decades was 9, 6 and 10%, respectively (p=NS). Iron deficiency anemia was the main cause of anemia in all periods (55, 85 and 75%, respectively; p=NS). A high prevalence of women with normal iron status was observed for all periods (64, 69, and 67, respectively; p=NS). Prevalence of iron deficiency without anemia in 1981-1990, 1991-2000 and 2001-2010 was 7, 20 and 12%, respectively (p ‹ 0.05). Finally, prevalence of iron depleted stores was 20, 6 and 10%, respectively (p‹ 0.05). Conclusions. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Chilean women of childbearing age was mild between 1981 and 2010. More than 60% of childbearing age women presented normal iron status in all periods. However, prevalence of iron depleted stores was moderate during 1981-1990, and was mild during 1991-2000 and 2001-2010.

REFERENCES

1. Núñez MT, Olivares M. Nutritional aspects of iron metabolism. In: Avigliano L, Rossi L, editors. Biochemical Aspects of Human Nutrition. Kerala, India: Transworld Research Network, 2011.

2. Stoltzfus RJ. Iron deficiency: global prevalence and consequences. Food Nutr Bull 2003;24 (4 Suppl):S99-S103.

3. Oski FA. Iron deficiency--facts and fallacies. Pediatr Clin North Am 1985;32(2):493.

4. Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. Nutritional iron deficiency. Lancet 2007;370(9586):511-520.

5. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. Bangkok, Thailand: World Health Organization Library, 1998.

6. Carmel R, Green R, Rosenblatt DS, Watkins D. Update on cobalamin, folate, and homocysteine. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2003:62-81.

7. Means Jr RT, Krantz SB. Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease. Blood 1992;80 (7):1639-1647.

8. Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C. A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr 2001;131(2):649S-668S.

9. Idjradinata P, Pollitt E. Reversal of developmental delays in iron-deficient anaemic infants treated with iron. Lancet 1993;341(8836):1-4.

10. Addy DP. Happiness is: iron. BMJ 1986;292(6526):969.

11. Bello A. Consecuencias funcionales de la deficiencia de hierro. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 2004;61(1):1-3.

12. Gardner GW, Edgerton VR, Senewiratne B, Barnard RJ, Ohira Y. Physical work capacity and metabolic stress in subjects with iron deficiency anemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30(6):910-917.

13. Lozoff B, De Andraca I, Castillo M, Smith JB, Walter T, Pino P. Behavioral and developmental effects of preventing iron-deficiency anemia in healthy full-term infants. Pediatrics 2003;112 (4):846-854.

14. Cook JD, Finch CA, Smith NJ. Evaluation of the iron status of a population. Blood 1976;48 (3):449-455.

15. Ministry of Health. Evaluation of the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in a representative sample of the Metropolitan Region and Fifth Region of the beneficiaries of the National Food Supplement (PNAC). Santiago, Chile; 2009. [Accessed 2012 May 9]. Available from: http://www. minsal.gob.cl/portal/url/item/8ebbf56b353c5bf5e04001011e013a8b.pdf.

16. Ríos E, Olivares M, Amar M, Chadud P, Pizarro F. Evaluation of iron status and prevalence of iron deficiency in infants in Chile. In: Underwood BA, editor. Nutrition intervention strategies in national development. New York, US: Academic Press, 1983:273-283.

17. Brito A, Hertrampf E, Olivares M. Low prevalence of anemia in children aged 19 to 72 months in Chile. Food Nutr Bull 2012:33 (4): 308-311.

18. Brito A, Hertrampf E, Olivares M. Iron status biomarkers and Creactive protein in children aged 19 to 72 months in Chile. Food Nutr Bull 2013;34(1):14-20.

19. Ministry of Health. Results 1. Survey of Health, Chile 2003. Santiago, Chile: Ministry of Health; 2004. [Accessed 2012 May 9]. Available from: http://epi.minsal.cl/Epi/Html/Invest/ENS/InformeFinalENS.pdf.

20. Fischer DS, Price DC. A Simple Serum Iron Method Using the New Sensitive Chromogen Tripyridyl-S-Triazine. Clin Chem 1964;10:21-31.

21. International Anemia Consultative Group (INACG). Measurements of iron status. Washington, DC: Nutrition Foundation, 1985:35-54.

22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Atlanta, US: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 1998. [Accessed 2012 May 9]. Available from: http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0051880/m0051880.asp.

23. Albala C, Vio F. Epidemiological transition in Latin America: the case of Chile. Public Health 1995;109 (6):431-442.

24. World Health Organization. Report of a joint WHO/UNICEF/UNU expert consultation. Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention, and control: a guide for programme managers. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2001. [Accessed 2012 May 9]. Available from: http://www.who. int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/ WHO_NHD_01.3/en/.

25. Mora JO, Boy E, Lutter C, Grajeda R. Anemia in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2009. Situation analysis, trends, and implications for public health programming. PAHO. Washington, DC: The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 2010.

26. Cusick SE, Mei Z, Freedman DS, Looker AC, Ogden CL, Gunter E, et al. Unexplained decline in the prevalence of anemia among US children and women between 1988-1994 and 1999-2002. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88 (6):1611-1617.

27. Shamah-Levy T, Villalpando-Hernández S, García-Guerra A, Mundo- Rosas V, Mejía-Rodríguez F, Domínguez-Islas CP. Anemia in Mexican women: Results of two national probabilistic surveys. Salud Publica Mex 2009;51 (Supl 4):S515-S522.

28. Hertrampf E. Fortificación de la harina de trigo en Chile: hierro y Ácido fólico. Programa de Fortificación de Alimentos. Santiago, Chile: Laboratorio de Micronutrientes, INTA, U de Chile; 2007. [Accessed 2012 May 9]. Available from: http://www.redsalud.gov.cl/archivos/alimentosynutricion/ inocuidad/analisis_nutrientes_eva_hertrampf.pdf.

29. Olivares GM, Pizarro AF, Hertrampf DE, Walter KT, Arredondo OM, Letelier CA. Fortificación de alimentos con hierro en Chile; Iron fortification of foods in Chile. Rev Chil Nutr 2000;27 (3):340-344.

30. Riumalló J, Pizarro T, Rodríguez L, Benavides X. Programas de Suplementación Alimentaria y de Fortificación de Alimentos con micronutrientes en Chile. Cuad Med Soc 2004;43:53-60.

31. Hertrampf E, Cortés F. Folic acid fortification of wheat flour: Chile. Nutr Rev 2008;62 (s1):S44-S48.

32. Hertrampf E, Cortes F, Erickson JD, Cayazzo M, Freire W, Bailey LB, et al. Consumption of folic acid-fortified bread improves folate status in women of reproductive age in Chile. J Nutr 2003;133 (10):3166-3169.

33. Peña GG, Pizarro AF, Hertrampf DE. Aporte del hierro del pan a la dieta chilena; Support of iron of bread in Chilean dietary. Rev Med Chile 1991;119 (7):753-757.

34. Albala C, Vio F, Kain J, Uauy R. Nutrition transition in Chile: determinants and consequences. Public Health Nutr 2002;5 (1A):123-128.

35. Vio F, Albala C, Kain J. Nutrition transition in Chile revisited: midterm evaluation of obesity goals for the period 2000-2010. Public Health Nutr 2008;11 (4):405-412.

36. Dallman PR, Yip R, Johnson C. Prevalence and causes of anemia in the United States, 1976 to 1980. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39 (3):437-445.