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Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.

2007, Number 3

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Rev Mex Neuroci 2007; 8 (3)

ATP as extracellular chemical transmitter

Rangel-Yescas GE, Garay RTE, Arellano OR

Language: Spanish
References: 74
Page: 276-285
PDF size: 125.86 Kb.


ABSTRACT

In addition to their role in cellular metabolism, nucleotides can be released from the cell to act as chemical transmitters in diverse cellular systems. In particular, adenosine triphosphate or ATP, once outside the cell, is degraded by ecto-ATPases, forming ADP, AMP and adenosine. All of these molecules, including ATP, exert physiological actions through the stimulation of P-type receptors. These proteins are divided into the P1 and P2 receptors, which are activated mainly by adenosine and ATP, respectively. In general, P1 subtype receptors are coupled to G proteins, and members of this group participate in cellular phenomena such as: anti-inflammatory processes, decrease of the neuronal activity, and the inhibition of muscular contraction. On the other hand, the P2 subtype is subdivided into P2Y and P2X subtypes. The P2Y receptors are also coupled to G proteins and are involved in processes such as: cellular proliferation and differentiation, the release of macromolecules, coagulation, and cellular permeability. The P2X receptors are cationic channels which are operated directly by ATP binding, and their activation is related to several processes, for example: transmission of sensorial information, smooth muscle contraction, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of the different elements involved in purinergic communication, and particularly that of P receptors, would allow their physiological role to be defined, and in some cases, would facilitate the design of specific drugs to treat associated pathologies.


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