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Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.

2007, Número 3

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Rev Mex Neuroci 2007; 8 (3)


El ATP como transmisor químico extracelular

Rangel-Yescas GE, Garay RTE, Arellano OR

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 74
Paginas: 276-285
Archivo PDF: 125.86 Kb.


RESUMEN

Además del papel que juegan los nucleótidos en la fisiología celular, estas moléculas pueden ser liberadas de la célula y actuar como transmisores químicos en diversos sistemas celulares. Particularmente, el trifosfato de adenosina o ATP, una vez fuera de la célula, es degradado por ecto-ATPasas, formando ADP, AMP y adenosina. Todas estas moléculas ejercen su acción a través de los receptores tipo P. Estas proteínas se dividen a su vez en los receptores P1 y P2, los cuales son activados principalmente por adenosina y ATP respectivamente. De manera general, al subtipo P1 pertenecen receptores acoplados a proteínas G y han sido relacionados con fenómenos celulares como: procesos antiinflamatorios, la disminución de la actividad neuronal, y la inhibición de la contracción muscular. Por otra parte, los receptores del subtipo P2 se subdividen en P2Y y P2X. Los receptores P2Y, también son receptores acoplados a proteínas G y se les asocia con: la proliferación y la diferenciación celular, la liberación de macromoléculas, el proceso de coagulación y con la permeabilidad celular. Por su parte los receptores P2X, son canales catiónicos activados directamente por el ligando, y su activación está relacionada con procesos como: la transmisión de información sensorial, la contracción del músculo liso, la respuesta inflamatoria y la muerte celular programada. Entender la relación estructura-función de cada elemento del sistema de comunicación mediada por ATP, adenosina y otros nucleótidos, permitirá definir cabalmente su papel en la fisiología y en algunos casos, proponer el diseño de fármacos específicos para el tratamiento de patologías asociadas.


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