Méndez M

Language: Spanish
References: 57
Page: 211-218
PDF size: 273.67 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Biochemical and behavioral evidence indicates that the dopaminergic mesolimbic system plays a key role in the mechanisms of reinforcement and reward elicited by alcohol (ethanol) and other drugs of abuse. In addition, the dopaminergic activity of the nigrostriatal pathway has been proposed to determine brain sensitivity to ethanol, a process which could be associated to drug addiction. Besides dopamine, several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are involved in ethanol reinforcement, including gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, serotonin, acetylcholine and opioid peptides (enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins). Ethanol and opioids share several pharmacological properties and exhibit similar behavioral effects in animals and humans. These and other studies suggest that the alcohol reinforcing properties are due, at least in part, to the ethanol-induced activation of endogenous opioidergic systems. This activation could in turn increase the hedonic value and the reinforcing effects of the drug. Thus, ethanol-induced changes in opioidergic transmission could contribute to alcohol intoxication and to the neuroadaptive responses produced by the long-lasting exposure to the drug. Opioidergic transmission may be altered by ethanol at different levels, including biosynthesis, release and inactivation of opioid peptides, as well as binding of endogenous opioids to their receptors. Several studies suggest that mu and delta opioid receptors play a key role in ethanol reinforcement and dependence. Therefore, enkephalins and β-endorphin could mediate ethanol actions in the brain and play a major role in high alcohol drinking behavior. During the last years, our research group has focused on the role of the endogenous opioid systems in these processes. Evidence obtained in our laboratory suggests that enkephalins and β-endorphin differentially and selectively participate in ethanol reinforcement and dependence.

REFERENCES

1. Berruecos L. La investigación psicosocial y cultural acerca del consumo de alcohol y el alcoholismo en México. Psiquis 2002;11:39-45.

2. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Secretaría de Salud. Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones 2011: Reporte de alcohol. México, DF: 2011; pp 92.

3. Carlsson A, Engel J, Svensson TH. Inhibition of ethanol-induced excitation in mice and rats by -methyl-p-tyrosine. Psychopharmacologia 1972;26:307-312.

4. Martin CS, Earlywine M, Musty RE, Perrine MW et al. Development and validation of the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993;17:140-146.

5. Earleywine M. Confirming the factor structure of the anticipated biphasic alcohol effects scale. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994;18:861-866.

6. Ulm RR, Volpicelli JR, Volpicelli LA. Opiates and alcohol self-administration in animals. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56(Supl 7):5-14.

7. Overstreet DH. Behavioral characteristics of rat lines selected for differential hypothermic responses to cholinergic or serotonergic agonists. Behav Genet 2002;32:335-348.

8. Cowen MS, Lawrence AJ. Alcoholism and neuropeptides: an update. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2006;5:233-239.

9. Crabbe JC, Phillips TJ, Harris RA, Arends MA et al. Alcohol-related genes: contributions from studies with genetically engineered mice. Addict Biol 2006;11:195-269.

10. Koob GF, Sanna PP, Bloom FE. Neuroscience of addiction. Neuron 1998;21:467-476.

11. Wise RA, Bozarth MA. A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction. Psychol Rev 1987;94:469-492.

12. Gessa GL, Muntoni F, Collu M, Vargiu L et al. Low doses of ethanol activate dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res 1985;348:201-203.

13. Fadda F, Argiolas A, Melis MR, Serra G et al. Differential effects of acute and chronic ethanol on dopamine metabolism in frontal cortex, caudate nucleus and substantia nigra. Life Sci 1980;27:979-986.

14. Di Chiara G, Imperato A. Ethanol preferentially stimulates dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1985;115:131-132.

15. Gysling K, Wang RY. Morphine-induced activation of A10 dopamine neurons in the rat. Brain Res 1983;277:119-127.

16. Heijna MH, Padt M, Hogenboom F, Portoghese PS et al. Opioid receptor- mediated inhibition of dopamine and acetylcholine release from slices of rat nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and frontal cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 1990;181:267-278.

17. Spanagel R, Herz A, Shippenberg TS. Identification of the opioid receptor types mediating beta-endorphin-induced alterations in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Eur J Pharmacol 1990;190:177-184.

18. Wood PL, Rao TS. Morphine stimulation of mesolimbic and mesocortical but not nigrostriatal dopamine release in the rat as reflected by changes in 3-methoxytyramine levels. Neuropharmacology 1991;30:399-401.

19. Joyce EM, Iversen SD. The effect of morphine applied locally to mesencephalic dopamine cell bodies on spontaneous motor activity in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1979;14:207-212.

20. Kalivas PW, Widerläv E, Stanley D, Breese G et al. Enkephalin action on the mesolimbic system: a dopamine-dependent and a dopamineindependent increase in locomotor activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;227:229-237.

21. Herz A. Endogenous opioid systems and alcohol addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997;12:99-111.

22. Froehlich JC. Genetic factors in alcohol self-administration. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56(Supl 7):15-23.

23. Reid LD, Czirr SA, Bensinger CC, Hubbell CL et al. Morphine and diprenorphine together potentiate intake of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol 1987;4:161-168.

24. Wild KD, Reid LD. Modulation of ethanol-intake by morphine: evidence for a central site of action. Life Sci 1990;47:PL49-PL54.

25. Stromberg MF, Meister SC, Volpicelli JR, Ulm RR. Low dose of morphine and the consumption of a sweetened ethanol solution: differential effects on acquisition and maintenance. Alcohol 1997;14:463-468.

26. Volpicelli JR, Ulm RR, Hopson N. Alcohol drinking in rats during and following morphine injections. Alcohol 1991;8:289-292.

27. Lê AD, Poulos CX, Quan B, Chow S. The effects of selective blockade of delta and mu opiate receptors on ethanol consumption by C57BL/6 mice in a restricted access paradigm. Brain Res 1993;630:330-332.

28. Franck J, Lindholm S, Raaschou P. Modulation of volitional ethanol intake in the rat by central delta-opioid receptors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998;22:1185-1189.

29. Stromberg MF. The effect of baclofen alone and in combination with naltrexone on ethanol consumption in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004;78:743-750.

30. Higley AE, Kiefer SW. Delta receptor antagonism, ethanol taste reactivity, and ethanol consumption in outbred male rats. Alcohol 2006;40:143-150.

31. Stromberg MF, Volpicelli JR, O’Brien CP. Effects of naltrexone administered repeatedly across 30 or 60 days on ethanol consumption using a limited access procedure in the rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998;22:2186-2191.

32. Krishnan-Sarin S, Wand GS, Li XW, Portoghese PS et al. Effect of mu opioid receptor blockade on alcohol intake in rats bred for high alcohol drinking. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998;59:627-635.

33. Krishnan-Sarin S, Jing SL, Kurtz DL, Zweifel M et al. The delta opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole attenuates both alcohol and saccharin intake in rats selectively bred for alcohol preference. Psychopharmacology 1995;120:177-185.

34. Krishnan-Sarin S, Portoghese PS, Li TK, Froehlich JC. The delta 2- opioid receptor antagonist naltriben selectively attenuates alcohol intake in rats bred for alcohol preference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995;52:153-159.

35. Myers RD, Borg S, Mossberg R. Antagonism by naltrexone of voluntary alcohol selection in the chronically drinking macaque monkey. Alcohol 1986;3:383-388.

36. O’Malley S, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, Schottenfeld RS et al. Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:881-887.

37. Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, O’Brien CP. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:876-880.

38. Roberts AJ, McDonald JS, Heyser CJ, Kieffer BL et al. mu-Opioid receptor knockout mice do not self-administer alcohol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;293:1002-1008.

39. Roberts AJ, Gold LH, Polis I, McDonald JS et al. Increased ethanol self-administration in delta-opioid receptor knockout mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25:1249-1256.

40. Yanai J, Shaanani R, Pick CG. Altered brain sensitivity to ethanol in mice after MPTP treatment. Alcohol 1995;12:127-130.

41. Méndez M, Morales-Mulia M, Leriche M. [3H]DPDPE binding to δ opioid receptors in the rat mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways is transiently increased by acute ethanol administration. Brain Res 2004;1028:180-190.

42. Méndez M, Leriche M, Calva JC. Acute ethanol administration differentially modulates μ opioid receptors in the rat meso-accumbens and mesocortical pathways. Mol Brain Res 2001;94:148-156.

43. Méndez M, Leriche M, Calva JC. Acute ethanol administration transiently decreases [3H]-DAMGO binding to mu opioid receptors in the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata but not in the caudate-putamen. Neurosci Res 2003;47:153-160.

44. Méndez M, Morales-Mulia M. Role of mu and delta opioid receptors in alcohol drinking behaviour. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 2008;1:239-252.

45. Méndez M, Morales-Mulia M. Role of endogenous opioid peptides in ethanol reinforcement. En: Méndez M, Mondragón-Ceballos R (eds). Neural mechanisms of action of drugs of abuse and natural reinforcers. Kerala, India: Research Signpost; 2008; pp 41-60.

46. Méndez M, Morales-Mulia M. Ethanol exposure differentially alters pro-enkephalin mRNA expression in regions of the mesocorticolimbic system. Psychopharmacology 2006;189:117-124.

47. Méndez M, Morales-Mulia M, Pérez-Luna JM. Ethanol-induced changes in Proenkephalin mRNA expression in the rat nigrostriatal pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2008;34:225-234.

48. de Gortari P, Méndez M, Rodríguez-Keller I, Pérez-Martínez L et al. Acute ethanol administration induces changes in TRH and proenkephalin expression in hypothalamic and limbic regions of rat brain. Neurochem Int 2000;37:483-496.

49. Méndez M, Barbosa-Luna IG, Pérez-Luna JM, Cupo A et al. Effects of acute ethanol administration on Methionine-enkephalin expression and release in regions of the rat brain. Neuropeptides 2010;44:413- 420.

50. Méndez M, Morales-Mulia M. Ethanol exposure and Pro-enkephalin mRNA expression in regions of the mesocorticolimbic system. En: Sher L (ed). Research on the neurobiology of alcohol use disorders. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2008; pp 177-202.

51. Leriche M, Méndez M. Ethanol exposure selectively alters β-endorphin content but not [3H]-DAMGO binding in discrete regions of the rat brain. Neuropeptides 2010;44:9-16.

52. Leriche M, Cote-Vélez A, Méndez M. Presence of Pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA in the rat medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area: studies by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization techniques. Neuropeptides 2007;41:421-431.

53. Leriche M, Méndez M, Zimmer L, Bérod A. Acute ethanol induces Fos in GABAergic and non GABAergic neurons of the forebrain : a double labeling study in the medial prefrontal cortex and extended amygdala. Neuroscience 2008;153:259-267.

54. Hernández-Vázquez F. Efectos estimulantes y depresores del alcohol sobre la actividad locomotora en ratas Wistar. Tesis de licenciatura en Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, México; 2005.

55. Hernández-Vázquez F, Méndez M. Stimulant and depressant behavioral actions of alcohol in non-selected Wistar rats. En: Chen FJ (ed). New trends in brain research. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2006; pp. 127-142.

56. Hernández-Vázquez F. Sensibilización conductual al alcohol en ratas Wistar. Tesis de maestría en Ciencias Biológicas (Biología experimental), Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, México; 2009.

57. Barbosa-Luna IG. Participación de las encefalinas en los mecanismos de neuroadaptación al alcohol en la vía mesocorticolímbica de la rata. Tesis de maestría en Ciencias Biológicas (Biología experimental), Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, México; 2012.