Ramírez-Rodríguez G, Silva-Lucero MC, Gómez-Virgilio L, Ocaña-Fernández MÁ, Ortiz-López L, Torres-Pérez MO, Meraz-Ríos MA

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 76
Paginas: 201-210
Archivo PDF: 330.44 Kb.

RESUMEN

Las enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas (ENP) se caracterizan por cambios en la plasticidad cerebral que incluyen la pérdida neuronal en regiones específicas en el encéfalo, cambios en la transmisión sináptica originada por alteraciones en los contactos sinápticos y también por la expresión de genes. Además, otro proceso que forma parte de la plasticidad cerebral y que también se encuentra afectado en las ENP es la generación de nuevas neuronas (neurogénesis).
El proceso neurogénico en el adulto es regulado de manera fina por diversos factores como los aspectos genéticos, celulares, el microambiente, los elementos neuroquímicos, los ambientales y los nutricionales. Las alteraciones de estos factores impactan en el desarrollo y en la función de las nuevas neuronas.
Algunos estudios realizados en humanos han revelado las alteraciones en la neurogénesis en algunos ENP. Sin embargo los mayores avances logrados han utilizado modelos animales de ENP. En algunos casos estas evidencias son controvertidas y recientemente se han tratado de aclarar utilizando cultivos de células madre pluripotenciales-inducibles humanas como modelos de ENP. Otro modelo que se ha propuesto para estudiar las alteraciones en el desarrollo neuronal en las ENP son las células madre multipotenciales del epitelio olfatorio (CMPEO). Sin embargo las evidencias obtenidas con las CMPEO son escasas y resulta necesario demostrar si existe o no un correlato con las alteraciones que ocurren en el desarrollo neuronal a nivel central en las ENP, o bien si las CMPEO pueden mostrar las alteraciones observadas en las ENP que permitan obtener información acerca de los factores que promueven estas enfermedades.
Por lo tanto en esta revisión se incluyen aspectos básicos de la neurogénesis e información relevante de las alteraciones de este proceso en las tres regiones neurogénicas en el adulto: el hipocampo, el bulbo olfatorio y el epitelio olfatorio.

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