Figueroa-Damián R

Language: Spanish
References: 14
Page: 113-122
PDF size: 504.47 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Gonococcal urethritis is one of the most common syndromes related to sexual transmission. There are many factors that influence that its actual occurrence be unknown, like the social stigma that represent this infection and the self-medication; so the number of cases of gonococcal urethritis can be more than twice that are reported to the official statistics. The mucous membranes of the genital organs constitute the main route of entry of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This is a microorganism that cannot survive for long time outside the host, is only transmitted from person to person by direct contact and colonize the columnar epithelium cells of the urethra and cervix, as well as the mucous membrane of the throat and rectum. The most common manifestation of gonorrhea is urethritis, but in women the course is often subclinical or manifested by cervicitis. In women gonorrhea can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, while in men it can produce urethral stenosis, epididymitis and acute or chronic prostatitis. The newborn children of women with gonorrhea may develop a conjunctival infection. Treatment currently recommended includes fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins of third generation, spectinomycin, and azithromycin. However, antimicrobial resistance against several of these agents has been identified in various countries. The rate of antimicrobial resistance is greater in countries where there is no regulation for the use of antimicrobials.

REFERENCES

1. Aral S, Holmes K. Social and behavioral determinants of the epidemiology of STD. In: Holmes K, Mardh P, Sparling PF, Lemon S, Stamm W, Piot P, Wasserheit J. Sexually transmitted diseases. 3th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999: 39.

2. Biggs W, Williams R. Common gynecologic infections. Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 2009; 36: 33-51.

3. Meyers D, Gregory K, Nelson H. USPSTF recommendations for STI screening. Am Fam Physician. 2008; 77: 819-24.

4. Figueroa-Damián R. Actualidades en las infecciones sexualmente transmitidas. En: Arredondo GL, Figueroa R. Temas actuales de infectología. Segunda Edición, Mexico: Intersistemas; 2007: 233-49.

5. Roett M, Mayor M, Uduhiri K. Diagnosis and management of genital ulcers. Am Fam Physician. 2012; 85: 254-62.

6. Golden M. Vaginitis and sexually transmitted diseases: urethritis in men. ACP Medicine Online. 2002; 7:67-71.

7. Gaydos Ch, Kent Ch, Rietmeijer C, Willard N, Marrazzo JM, Chapin J et al. Prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men screened for Chlamydia trachomatis in four United States Cities, 1999-2003. Sex Trans Dis. 2006; 33: 314-19.

8. Figueroa-Damián R. Riesgo perinatal de las infecciones de transmisión sexual. En: Figueroa-Damián R. Infeciones perinatales. México: Elsevier Masson Doyma; 2012: 83-113.

9. Márquez C, Fiorito S, Galarza P, Portilla JL, León L, Agudelo C. Challenges in the control of gonorrhea in South America and the Caribbean: monitoring the development of resistance to antibiotics. Sex Trans Dis. 2006; 33: 87-95.

10. Low N, Broutet N, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Barton P, Hossain M, Hawkes S. Global control of sexually transmitted infections. Lancet. 2006; 368: 2001-16.

11. Aral A. Social and behavioral determinants of sexually transmitted disease: scientific and technologic advances, demography, and the global political economy. Sex Trans Dis. 2006; 33: 698-702.

12. Richens J. Main presentations of sexually transmitted infections in men. BMJ. 2004; 328: 1251-3.

13. Angarius C, Lore B, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium: prevalence, clinical significance, and transmission. Sex Transm Infect. 2005; 81: 458–62.

14. Centers for disease control and prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR. 2010; 59. (No 12):1-52.