medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán

2008, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Rev Invest Clin 2008; 60 (1)

Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-lipoic acid. An antioxidant synergy with potential for preventive medicine

González-Pérez Ó, Moy-López NA, Guzmán-Muñiz J

Language: Spanish
References: 88
Page: 58-67
PDF size: 164.19 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been involved in the induction and progression of damage of many human disorders, such as: heart infarction, cerebral ischemia, diabetic neuropathy, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. In several studies, the synergism between alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E has been described and potent antioxidant effects can be obtained when both antioxidants are simultaneously used. This review highlights recent findings showing that the combination of alpha-lipoic acid plus vitamin E effectively reduces oxidative damage in brain and cardiac ischemia as well as in other pathological events related to ROS increasing. These antioxidants are present in a broad variety of foods, are also available in several dietary supplements and their side effects are very rare. Therefore, alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E may play an important role in clinical preventive medicine and human nutrition.


REFERENCES

  1. Siesjo BK, Zhao Q, Pahlmark K, Siesjo P, Katsura K, Folbergrova J. Glutamate, calcium, and free radicals as mediators of ischemic brain damage. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59(5): 1316-20.

  2. Lachance PA, Nakat Z, Jeong WS. Antioxidants: an integrative approach. Nutrition 2001; 17(10): 835-8.

  3. Flora SJ. Role of free radicals and antioxidants in health and disease. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2007; 53(1): 1-2.

  4. Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF, Dempsey RJ. Phospholipase A2, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxidation in transient cerebral ischemia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2003; 5(5): 647-54.

  5. Caro AA, Cederbaum AI. Role of intracellular calcium and phospholipase A2 in arachidonic acid-induced toxicity in liver cells overexpressing CYP2E1. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 457(2): 252-63.

  6. McCall JM, Braughler JM, Hall ED. Lipid peroxidation and the role of oxygen radicals in CNS injury. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1987; 38(4):373-9.

  7. Ozmen H, Erulas FA, Karatas F, Cukurovali A, Yalcin O. Comparison of the concentration of trace metals (Ni, Zn, Co, Cu and Se), Fe, vitamins A, C and E, and lipid peroxidation in patients with prostate cancer. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44(2): 175-9.

  8. Garcia JJ, Martinez-Ballarin E, Millan-Plano S, et al. Effects of trace elements on membrane fluidity. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2005; 19(1): 19-22.

  9. Ter-Horst G. Clinical pharmacology of cerebral ischemia. New jersey: Humana Press 1997.

  10. Chan PH. Reactive oxygen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21(1): 2-14.

  11. Wong A, Dukic-Stefanovic S, Gasic-Milenkovic J, et al. Antiinflammatory antioxidants attenuate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mediated by advanced glycation endproducts in murine microglia. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14(12): 1961-7.

  12. Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 22(1-2): 359-78.

  13. Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med 1995; 19(2): 227-50.

  14. Pershadsingh HA. Alpha-lipoic acid: physiologic mechanisms and indications for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16(3): 291-302.

  15. Packer L, Kraemer K, Rimbach G. Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications. Nutrition 2001; 17(10): 888-95.

  16. Blatt DH, Leonard SW, Traber MG. Vitamin E kinetics and the function of tocopherol regulatory proteins. Nutrition 2001; 17(10): 799-805.

  17. Pryor WA. Vitamin E and heart disease: basic science to clinical intervention trials. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28(1): 141-64.

  18. Neuzil J, Tomasetti M, Zhao Y, et al. Vitamin E analogs, a novel group of mitocans, as anticancer agents: the importance of being redox-silent. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 71(5): 1185-99.

  19. Mustacich DJ, Bruno RS, Traber MG. Vitamin E. Vitam Horm 2007; 76: 1-21.

  20. Thomas MJ. The role of free radicals and antioxidants. Nutrition 2000; 16(7-8): 716-8.

  21. Herbette S, Roeckel-Drevet P, Drevet JR. Seleno-independent glutathione peroxidases. More than simple antioxidant scavengers. Febs J 2007; 274(9): 2163-80.

  22. Prasad AS. Zinc: mechanisms of host defense. J Nutr 2007; 137(5): 1345-9.

  23. Lodge JK, Youn HD, Handelman GJ. Natural sources of lipoic acid: determination of lipoyllysine released from protease-digested tissues by high performance liquid chromatography incorporating electrochemical detection. J Appl Nutr 1997; 49(1-2): 3-11.

  24. Miller JR, Busby RW, Jordan SW, et al. Escherichia coli LipA is a lipoyl synthase: in vitro biosynthesis of lipoylated pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from octanoyl-acyl carrier protein. Biochemistry 2000; 39(49): 15166-78.

  25. Yadav V, Marracci G, Lovera J, et al. Lipoic acid in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Mult Scler 2005; 11(2): 159-65.

  26. Kagan VE, Shvedova A, Serbinova E, et al. Dihydrolipoic acid-a universal antioxidant both in the membrane and in the aqueous phase. Reduction of peroxyl, ascorbyl and chromanoxyl radicals. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44(8): 1637-49.

  27. Alpha-lipoic acid- Monograph. Altern Med Rev 2006; 11(3): 232-7.

  28. Seaton TA, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Mitochondrial respiratory enzyme function and superoxide dismutase activity following brain glutathione depletion in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 52(11): 1657-63.

  29. Linnane AW, Eastwood H. Cellular redox regulation and prooxidant signaling systems: a new perspective on the free radical theory of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1067: 47-55.

  30. Murphy ME, Scholich H, Sies H. Protection by glutathione and other thiol compounds against the loss of protein thiols and tocopherol homologs during microsomal lipid peroxidation. Eur J Biochem 1992; 210(1): 139-46.

  31. Roy S, Sen CK, Tritschler HJ, Packer L. Modulation of cellular reducing equivalent homeostasis by alpha-lipoic acid. Mechanisms and implications for diabetes and ischemic injury. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53(3): 393-9.

  32. Aoyama S, Okimura Y, Fujita H, et al. Stimulation of membrane permeability transition by alpha-lipoic acid and its biochemical characteristics. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR 2006; 38(1): 1-20.

  33. Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A, et al. Oral treatment with alphalipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(11): 2365-70.

  34. Wollin SD, Jones PJ. Alpha-lipoic acid and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr 2003; 133(11): 3327-30.

  35. Bilska A, Wlodek L. Lipoic acid - the drug of the future? Pharmacol Rep 2005; 57(5): 570-7.

  36. Beitner H. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind study on the clinical efficacy of a cream containing 5% alpha-lipoic acid related to photoageing of facial skin. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149(4): 841-9.

  37. Traber MG, Atkinson J. Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43(1): 4-15.

  38. Kohlschutter A, Hubner C, Jansen W, Lindner SG. A treatable familial neuromyopathy with vitamin E deficiency, normal absorption, and evidence of increased consumption of vitamin E. J Inherit Metab Dis 1988; 11 Suppl 2: 149-52.

  39. Christopher Min K. Structure and function of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein: implications for vitamin E metabolism and AVED. Vitam Horm 2007; 76: 23-43.

  40. Hegele RA, Angel A. Arrest of neuropathy and myopathy in abetalipoproteinemia with high-dose vitamin E therapy. Can Med Assoc J 1985; 132(1): 41-4.

  41. van der Worp HB, Bar PR, Kappelle LJ, de Wildt DJ. Dietary vitamin E levels affect outcome of permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 1998; 29(5): 1002-5; discussion 1005-6.

  42. Martin A, Janigian D, Shukitt-Hale B, Prior RL, Joseph JA. Effect of vitamin E intake on levels of vitamins E and C in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues: implications for health recommendations. Brain Res 1999; 845(1): 50-9.

  43. Azzi A. Molecular mechanism of alpha-tocopherol action. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43(1): 16-21.

  44. Sorrenti V, Di Giacomo C, Renis M, et al. Lipid peroxidation and survival in rats following cerebral post-ischaemic reperfusion: effect of drugs with different molecular mechanisms. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1994; 20(5): 185-9.

  45. Villalobos MA, De La Cruz JP, Carrasco T, Smith-Agreda JM, Sanchez de la Cuesta F. Effects of alpha-tocopherol on lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial reduction of tetraphenyl tetrazolium in the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 1994; 33(3): 313-8.

  46. Conti M, Couturier M, Lemonnier A, Lemonnier F. Effects of alpha- tocopherol on antioxidant enzyme activity in human fibroblast cultures. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1993; 63(2): 71-6.

  47. Monget AL, Richard MJ, Cournot MP, et al. Effect of 6 month supplementation with different combinations of an association of antioxidant nutrients on biochemical parameters and markers of the antioxidant defence system in the elderly. The Geriatrie/ Min.Vit.Aox Network. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50(7): 443-9.

  48. Holmquist L, Stuchbury G, Berbaum K, et al. Lipoic acid as a novel treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 113(1): 154-64.

  49. Ziegler D. Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy: Update 2006. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1084: 250-66.

  50. Kendler BS. Supplemental conditionally essential nutrients in cardiovascular disease therapy. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2006; 21(1): 9-16.

  51. Virmani A, Gaetani F, Binienda Z. Effects of metabolic modifiers such as carnitines, coenzyme Q10, and PUFAs against different forms of neurotoxic insults: metabolic inhibitors, MPTP, and methamphetamine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1053: 183-91.

  52. Kurien BT, Hensley K, Bachmann M, Scofield RH. Oxidatively modified autoantigens in autoimmune diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41(4): 549-56.

  53. Kurien BT, Scofield RH. Lipid peroxidation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Indian J Exp Biol 2006; 44(5): 349-56.

  54. Miquel J, Ramirez-Bosca A, Ramirez-Bosca JV, Alperi JD. Menopause: a review on the role of oxygen stress and favorable effects of dietary antioxidants. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2006; 42(3): 289-306.

  55. Scholich H, Murphy ME, Sies H. Antioxidant activity of dihydrolipoate against microsomal lipid peroxidation and its dependence on alpha-tocopherol. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989; 1001(3): 256-61.

  56. Maitra I, Serbinova E, Trischler H, Packer L. Alpha-lipoic acid prevents buthionine sulfoximine-induced cataract formation in newborn rats. Free Radic Biol Med 1995; 18(4): 823-9.

  57. Ko KM, Yiu HY. Schisandrin B modulates the ischemia-reperfusion induced changes in non-enzymatic antioxidant levels in isolated- perfused rat hearts. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 220(1-2): 141-7.

  58. Haramaki N, Packer L, Assadnazari H, Zimmer G. Cardiac recovery during post-ischemic reperfusion is improved by combination of vitamin E with dihydrolipoic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 196(3): 1101-7.

  59. Haramaki N, Assadnazari H, Zimmer G, Schepkin V, Packer L. The influence of vitamin E and dihydrolipoic acid on cardiac energy and glutathione status under hypoxia-reoxygenation. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1995; 37(3): 591-7.

  60. Coombes JS, Powers SK, Demirel HA, et al. Effect of combined supplementation with vitamin E and alpha-lipoic acid on myocardial performance during in vivo ischaemia-reperfusion. Acta Physiol Scand 2000; 169(4): 261-9.

  61. Coombes JS, Powers SK, Hamilton KL, et al. Improved cardiac performance after ischemia in aged rats supplemented with vitamin E and alpha-lipoic acid. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 279(6): R2149-55.

  62. Coombes JS, Powers SK, Rowell B, et al. Effects of vitamin E and alpha-lipoic acid on skeletal muscle contractile properties. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90(4): 424-30.

  63. Gonzalez-Perez O, Gonzalez-Castaneda RE, Huerta M, et al. Beneficial effects of alpha-lipoic acid plus vitamin E on neurological deficit, reactive gliosis and neuronal remodeling in the penumbra of the ischemic rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2002; 321(1-2): 100-4.

  64. Garcia-Estrada J, Gonzalez-Perez O, Gonzalez-Castaneda RE, et al. An alpha-lipoic acid-vitamin E mixture reduces post-embolism lipid peroxidation, cerebral infarction, and neurological deficit in rats. Neurosci Res 2003; 47(2): 219-24.

  65. Sanchez-Almaraz E LM, Gonzalez-Perez O, Garcia-Estrada J, Hernandez G, Ramos-Ruiz R, Navarro-Ruiz A. Effects of the lipoic acid and vitamin E on apoptosis lymphocitary after global ischemia-reperfusion. Scand J Immunol 2001: 116.

  66. Stoyanovsky DA, Goldman R, Darrow RM, Organisciak DT, Kagan VE. Endogenous ascorbate regenerates vitamin E in the retina directly and in combination with exogenous dihydrolipoic acid. Curr Eye Res 1995; 14(3): 181-9.

  67. Marsh SA, Laursen PB, Pat BK, Gobe GC, Coombes JS. Bcl-2 in endothelial cells is increased by vitamin E and alpha-lipoic acid supplementation but not exercise training. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005; 38(3): 445-51.

  68. Lexis LA, Fenning A, Brown L, Fassett RG, Coombes JS. Antioxidant supplementation enhances erythrocyte antioxidant status and attenuates cyclosporine-induced vascular dysfunction. Am J Transplant 2006; 6(1): 41-9.

  69. Marsh SA, Laursen PB, Coombes JS. Effects of antioxidant supplementation and exercise training on erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2006; 76(5): 324-31.

  70. Woltjer RL, McMahan W, Milatovic D, et al. Effects of chemical chaperones on oxidative stress and detergent-insoluble species formation following conditional expression of amyloid precursor protein carboxy- terminal fragment. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 25(2): 427-37.

  71. Bailey DM, Davies B. Acute mountain sickness; prophylactic benefits of antioxidant vitamin supplementation at high altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2001; 2(1): 21-9.

  72. Sharman EH, Bondy SC. Effects of age and dietary antioxidants on cerebral electron transport chain activity. Neurobiol Aging 2001; 22(4): 629-34.

  73. Mosca L, Marcellini S, Perluigi M, et al. Modulation of apoptosis and improved redox metabolism with the use of a new antioxidant formula. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63(7): 1305-14.

  74. Schmidt MC, Askew EW, Roberts DE, Prior RL, Ensign WY, Jr., Hesslink RE, Jr. Oxidative stress in humans training in a cold, moderate altitude environment and their response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplement. Wilderness Environ Med 2002; 13(2): 94-105.

  75. Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C, et al. The impact of different antioxidant agents alone or in combination on reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes and cytokines in a series of advanced cancer patients at different sites: correlation with disease progression. Free Radic Res 2003; 37(2): 213-23.

  76. Ozkan Y, Yilmaz O, Ozturk AI, Ersan Y. Effects of triple antioxidant combination (vitamin E, vitamin C and alpha-lipoic acid) with insulin on lipid and cholesterol levels and fatty acid composition of brain tissue in experimental diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Cell Biol Int 2005; 29(9): 754-60.

  77. Turan B, Saini HK, Zhang M, Prajapati D, Elimban V, Dhalla NS. Selenium improves cardiac function by attenuating the activation of NF-kappaB due to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7(9-10): 1388-97.

  78. Marsh SA, Pat BK, Gobe GC, Coombes JS. Evidence for a nonantioxidant, dose-dependent role of alpha -lipoic acid in caspase- 3 and ERK2 activation in endothelial cells. Apoptosis 2005; 10(3): 657-65.

  79. Hill AS, Rogers QR, O’Neill SL, Christopher MM. Effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation before and after oral acetaminophen challenge in cats. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66(2): 196-204.

  80. Evans JR. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(2): CD000254.

  81. Pratico D, Delanty N. Oxidative injury in diseases of the central nervous system: focus on Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Med 2000; 109(7): 577-85.

  82. Bjelakovic G, Nagorni A, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Bjelakovic M, Gluud C. Meta-analysis: antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention of colorectal adenoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24(2): 281-91.

  83. Vivekananthan DP, Penn MS, Sapp SK, Hsu A, Topol EJ. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: metaanalysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 361(9374): 2017-23.

  84. Gonzalez-Perez O, Gonzalez-Castaneda RE. Therapeutic perspectives on the combination of á-lipoic acid and vitamin E. Nutr Res 2006; 26(1): 1-5.

  85. Caygill CP, Diplock AT, Jeffery EH. Studies on selenium incorporation into, and electron-transfer function of, liver microsomal fractions from normal and vitamin E-deficient rats given phenobarbitone. Biochem J 1973; 136(4): 851-8.

  86. Scott DL, Kelleher J, Losowsky MS. The effect of dietary selenium and vitamin E on glutathione peroxidase and glutathione in the rat. Biochem Soc Trans 1976; 4(2): 295-6.

  87. Beck MA. Selenium and vitamin E status: impact on viral pathogenicity. J Nutr 2007; 137(5): 1338-40.

  88. Higgins J, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 4.2.6 [updated September 2006]. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com