Escobedo G, Gutiérrez-Reyes G, Guzmán C, Hernández-Ruiz J, Kershenobich D, Robles-Díaz G

Language: Spanish
References: 32
Page: 111-119
PDF size: 210.53 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Metabolic syndrome is a major health problem worldwide. Obesity has been recognized as a main risk factor for metabolic syndrome. A growing body of evidence suggests that obesity is also related to a systemic low grade inflammation, characterized by high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and macrophage infiltration, disturbances in intestinal flora and reticular stress by production of reactive oxygen species. In this sense, clinical studies show that changes in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes rate, both intestinal groups of microbes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, can result in obesity and reduced immune tolerance. Furthermore, TLR5-knockout mice spontaneously develop hypertension and insulin resistance, which denotes the importance of intestinal microbes and their innate immune response-associated receptors in metabolic syndrome development. Concomitantly, nutrient-linked reticular and mitochondrial stress has been related to overcome of low grade inflammation in obese and non-obese subjects, by production of reactive oxygen species and other related-free radicals, which are able to induce hypertrophy of adipose normal cells, an increase in serum free fatty acids, as well as TNF-α, IL-6 and leptin synthesis. Appearance of this obesity dependent-low grade inflammation triggers the activation of inflammatory macrophages, capable of producing higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and nitric oxide, which in turn interfere with the insulin/insulin receptor signaling inside the target cells. Taking this information into account, it can be seen that obesity induced-metabolic syndrome is an extremely complex disorder with the participation of several factors, such as genetic, hormonal, nutritional, environmental and immunological. Alternative therapeutic schemes suggest the use of more specific antiinflammatory drugs, reactive oxygen species’ inhibitors, regulation of intestinal microbe populations, and antiinflamatory cytokines therapy.

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