medigraphic.com

2003, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2003; 41 (1)

Treatment of High Blood Pressure at the End of the XXI Century. A Look at Gene Therapy

Calvo VC, Covarrubias PA

Language: Spanish
References: 54
Page: 45-54
PDF size: 97.58 Kb.


ABSTRACT

This article describes the treatment of arterial hypertension during the last century and attempts to establish what it will be during the present century, concentrating on analysis of gene therapy. In the first years of the Twentieth Century, Sir Clifford Albutt described hyperpiesis as the initial concept of hypertensive disease. In 1905. Nicolai Korotkoff described ausculatory method for measuring blood pressure. In 1967, the first clinical trial on severe hypertension was publish-ed, in which antihypertensive treatment reduced mortality associated with the disease. In 1995, the first successful gene transfer in animals was reported. Systolic blood pressure dropped from 10 to 15 %. Using venous tissue transplants in humans treated previously with gene transfer, genetic material had a positive reaction in 89 % of the group that received the transplant, which significantly reduced rejection along with occlusion. The usefulness of gene transfers is discussed in terms of knowledge of the distinct mechanisms responsible for development of high blood pressure. The paper ends with a series of thoughts to contemplate possible evolution in treatment of hypertensive disease, as well as the impact it could have on life expectancy. Hospitals will dis-appear, and physicians will no longer be the center of health care, surrendering their places to genetic information technicians. There will be more time for creativity and development of human potential.


REFERENCES

  1. 1. Ruskin A. Classics in arterial hypertension. Charles C. Thomas. USA: Springfield; 1956.

  2. 2. Lindsay. Pulse tension as a guide to treatment. BMJ 1905;I:22.

  3. 3. Calvo-Vargas C. Cien años de dos grandes aconte-cimientos en la historia de la medicina: hiperpiesis y esfigmomanómetro (1896-1996). Gac Med Mex 1996;132:529-534.

  4. 4. Dustan HP. Hypertension revisited after 55 years: How it has changed. Am J Med Sci 1995; 309(2):69-70.

  5. 5. Harlos J, Heidland A. Hypertension as cause and consequence of renal disease in 19th Century. Am J Nephrol 1994;14:436-442.

  6. 6. Birkenhäger WH, Reid JL. The history of indirect blood pressure measurement. En: O’Brien E, Fitzgerald D, editors. Blood pressure measurement. Amsterdam: Handbook of Hypertension. Vol 14, Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991. p. 1-54

  7. 7. Shaw BH. Hyperpiesia and hyperpiesis (hyper-tension). A clinical, pathological and experimental study. London: Oxford Medical Publication; 1922.

  8. 8. Janeway TC. A clinical study of hypertensive cardio-vascular disease. Arch Intern Med 1913;12:755-798.

  9. 9. Rolleston HD. The right honorable Sir Thomas Clifford Albutt. London: MacMillan; 1929.

  10. Pickering GH. High blood pressure. New York: Grune and Stratton; 1955.

  11. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity and mortality. I. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg. JAMA 1967;202:1028.

  12. Kaplan NM. Clinical hypertension. Seventh edition. Baltimore, USA: Williams and Wilkins; 1998.

  13. Gueyffier F, Boutitie F, Boissel JP, Pocock S, Coope J, Cutler J, et al. Effect of antihypertensive drug treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in women and men: A meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized, controlled trials. The INDANA Investigators. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:761-767.

  14. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, Lanke J, Hedner T, Niklasen A, et al. Effect of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: The Captopril Prevention Proyect (CAPP) randomized trial. Lancet 1999;353:611-616.

  15. Estacio R, Barrett J, Hiatt W, et al. The effect of nisolipine as compared to enalapril on cardio-vascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1998;338:645-652.

  16. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;291:97-104.

  17. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000;342:145-153.

  18. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with insolated systolic hypertension: Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991;265:3255-3264.

  19. Neutel JM, Weber MA. Combining therapy with diuretics: An evolution of understanding. Am J Med 1996;101(Suppl 3A):61S-70S.

  20. Tan K, Dempsey A, Liew C. Cardiac genes and gene databases for cardiovascular disease genetics. Curr Hypertens Rep 1999;I:51-58.

  21. Ramos ME, Silver FR, Armendáriz J. Estrategias moleculares de terapia génica, En: Panduro A. Biología molecular en la clínica. México: McGraw-Hill Interamericana; 2000:271-278.

  22. Warmock DG. Liddle syndrome: An autosomal dominant form of human hypertension. Kidney Int 1998;53:18-24.

  23. Winkelmann BR, Hager J, Kraus WE, Merlini P, Keavney B, Grant PJ. Genetics of coronary heart disease: Current knowledge and research principles. Am Heart J 2000;140:S11-S26.

  24. Glueck SB, Dzau VJ. Physiological genomics: Implications in hypertension research. Hypertension 2002;39:310-315.

  25. Lifton RP. Molecular genetics of human blood pressure variation. Science 1996;272:676-680.

  26. Hunt SC, Cook NR, Oberman A, Cutler JA, Hennekens CH, Allender PS, et al. Angiotensin genotype, sodium retention, weight loss, and prevention of hypertension: trials of hypertension prevention, Phase II. Hypertension 1998;32.393-401.

  27. Kato N, Julier C. Linkage mapping for hypertension susceptibility genes. Curr Hypertens Rep 1999;I:15-24.

  28. Arnett DK. Genetic contributions to left ven-tricular hypertrophy. Curr Hypertens Rep 2000; 2:50-55.

  29. Liew CC. The cardiac gene unit website. http//www.tcgu.med.utoronto.ca.

  30. Wang C, Chao L, Chao J. Direct gene delivery of human tissue kallikrein reduces blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Clin Invest 1995;95:1710-1716.

  31. Lin KF, Chao J, Chao L. Atrial natriuretic peptide gene delivery reduces stroke-induced mortality rate in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 1999; 33:219-224.

  32. Zhang JJ, Chao L, Chao J. Adenovirus-mediated kallikrein gene delivery reduces aortic thickening and stroke-induced death rate in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Stroke 1999;30:1925-1932.

  33. Chao J, Zhang JJ, Lin KF, Chao L. Adenovirus mediated kallikrein gene delivery reverses salt-induced renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Kidney Int 1998;54:1250-1260.

  34. Lin KF, Chao J, Chao L. Human atrial natriuretic peptide gene delivery reduces blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1995;26:847-853.

  35. Adams MA, Bobick A, Korner PI. Differential development of vascular and cardiac hypertrophy in genetic hypertension. Relation to sympathetic function. Hypertension 1989;14:191-202.

  36. Jeunemaitre X, Gimenez AP, Célérier J, Corvol P. Angiotensinogen variants and human hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 1999;1:31-41.

  37. Phillips MI, Mohuczy-Dominiak D, Coffey M, Galli SM, Kimura B, Zelles T. Prolonged reduction of high blood pressure with an in vivo, non-pathogenic, adenoassociated viral vector delivery of AT1-R mRNA antisense. Hypertension 1997; 29:374-380.

  38. Raizada MK, Katovich MJ, Wang H, Berecek KH, Gelband CH. Is antisense gene therapy a step in the right direction in the control of hypertension? Am J Physiol 1999;H423-H432.

  39. Wang H, Katovich MJ, Gelband CH, Reaves PY, Phillips MI, Raizada MK. Sustained inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) expression and long-term antihypertensive action by virally mediated delivery of ACE anti-sense cDNA. Circ Res 1999;85:614-622.

  40. O’Donnell C, Lindpainter K, Larson M, et al. Evidence for association and genetic linkage of the angiotensin-converting enzyme locus with hypertension and blood pressure in men but not women in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1998; 97:1766-1772.

  41. Phillips M. Gene therapy for hypertension. The preclinical data. Hypertension 2001;38(Part 2):543-548.

  42. Cusi D, Barlassina C, Azzani T, Casari G, Citterio L, Devoto M, et al. Polymorphisms of a-adducin and salt sensitivity in patients with essential hyper-tension. Lancet 1997;349:1353-1357.

  43. Kato N, Sugiyama T, Nabika T, et al. Lack of association between the a-adducin locus and essential hypertension in the Japanese population. Hyper-tension 1998;31:730-733.

  44. Vanhoutte PM. Endothelial dysfunction in hyper-tension. J Hyperten 1996;14:S83-S93.

  45. Panza JA, Casino PR, Kilcoyne CM, Quyyumi AA. Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation of patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 1993;87:1468-1474.

  46. Lin KF, Chao J, Chao L. Prolonged reduction of high blood pressure with human nitric oxide synthase gene delivery. Hypertension 1997;30:219-224.

  47. Ooboshi H, Chu Y, Rios CD, Faraci FM, Davisdon BL, Hesitad DD. Altered vascular function after adenovirus-mediated overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol 1997;273:H265-H270.

  48. Laursen JB, Rajagopalan S, Galis Z, Tarpey M, Freeman BA, Harrisson DG. Role of superoxide in angiotensin II-induced but not chatecolamine-induced hypertension. Circulation 1997;95:588-593.

  49. Hunt SC, Cook NR, Oberman A, Cutler JA, Hennekens CH, Allender PS, et al. Angiotensin genotype, sodium retention, weight loss, and prevention of hypertension: Trials of hypertension prevention. Phase II. Hypertension 1998;32:393-401.

  50. Mann MJ, Whittemore AD, Donaldson MC, Belkin M, Conte MS, Polak JF, et al. Ex-vivo gene therapy of human vascular bypass grafts with E2F-decoy: The PREVENT single-centre, randomized, controlled trial. Lancet 1999;354:1493-1498.

  51. Chu Yi, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Gene therapy of hypertensive vascular injury. Curr Hypertens Rep 2000;2:92-97.

  52. Tyroler HA. Coronary heart disease epidemiology in the Twenty-First Century. Epidemiol Rev 2000; 22:7-13.

  53. Wellens HJ. Cardiology: Where to go from here? Lancet 1999;354:8.

  54. Burks T. Pharmacology in the Twenty-First Century in the United States of America. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 1999;42:23-27.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com