medigraphic.com
ISSN 0185-3325 (Print)
Órgano Oficial del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz

2001, Number 6

<< Back Next >>

Salud Mental 2001; 24 (6)

TICS. Diagnóstico, fisiopatología y tratamiento

Lilia Albores Gallo, Bruno Estañol

Language: Spanish
References: 38
Page: 26-35
PDF size: 278.94 Kb.


ABSTRACT

We made a review of the literature of the tic disorder over the last twenty years. We found that tic disorders are frequent among the general population, mainly during childhood, but frequently disappear spontaneously. Chronic tics are associated with other mental disorders, particularly attention deficit disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. The most severe tic disorder is Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.The treatment of the tic disorder should always take into account comorbidity. It has recently been described that a subgroup of patients with tic disorder have elevated antibodies against group A streptococci. Several types of psychosocial interventions and various medications are useful for tic disorders.


REFERENCES

  1. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION: DSM IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 4., Washington, 1994.

  2. ABWEINDER DA: School problems in Tourette´s Sindrome. Arch Neurol, 53(6):509-511, 1996.

  3. ALLEN AJ, LEONARD HL, SWEDO SSE: Case study: New infection triggered, auto inmune subtype of pediatric OCD and Tourette’s Sindrome. J American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 34:307-311, 1995.

  4. BRUUN: Subtle and under recognized side effects of neuroleptic treatment in children with Tourette’s Disorder. American J Psychiatry, 145:621-624, 1988.

  5. COHEN DJ, YOUNG JG, NATHANSON JA, SHAWITZ BA: Clonidine in Tourette’s Syndrome. Lancet, 2:551-553, 1979.

  6. COHEN DJ, LECKMAN J: Developmental psychopathology and neurobiology of Tourette’s Syndrome. J American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 33:2-15, 1994.

  7. CHAPPELL PB, LECKMAN JF, RIDDLE MA: The pharmacologic treatment of tic disorders. En: Lewis M, Riddle M (eds). Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Pedriatic Psychopharmacology. Saunders. Vol. 4: 197-215, Philadelphia, 1995.

  8. COMINGS DE, COMINGS BG: A controlled study of Tourette Syndrome. I attention deficit diosorder, learning disorder and school problems. Am Human Genetics,41(5):701-41, 1987.

  9. COMINGS DE, COMINGS BG: Tourette Syndrome: clinical and psychological aspects of 250 cases. Am J Hum Genet, 37(3):435-50, 1985.

  10. ERENBERG G, CRUCE RP: Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome: Effects of stimulant drugs. Neurology, 35:1346-1348, 1985.

  11. GOLDEN GS: Gilles de la Tourette´s Syndrome following methylfenidate administration. Developmental Medicine Child Neurology, 16:76-78, 1974.

  12. HUNT RD, ARNSTEN AFT, ASBELL MD: An open trial of guanfacine in the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in boys. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 5, 1995 (en prensa).

  13. HYDE TM, AARONSON BA, RANDOLPH C, RICKLER KC, WEINBERGER DR: Relationship of birth weight to the phenotypic expression of Gilles de la Tourette´s Syndrome in monozygotic twins. Neurology, 42:652-658, 1992.

  14. JAGGER J, PRUSOFF B, COHEN DJ, KIDD KK, CARBONARI CM: The epidemiology of Tourette’s Syndrome: A pilot study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 8:267-277, 1982.

  15. LECKMAN JF, WALKER DE, COHEN DJ: Premonitory urges in Tourette´s Syndrome. American J Psychiatry, 150:98-102, 1993.

  16. LECKMAN JF, ZHANG H: Course of tic severity in Tourette Syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics, 102(1):14-9, 1998.

  17. LECKMAN JF, PRICE RA, WALKUP JT, ORT S, PAULS DL, COHEN DJ: Nongenetic factors in Gilles de la Tourett’s Syndrome (letters). Archives General Psychiatry, 44:100, 1987.

  18. LECKMAN JF, DOLNANSKY ES, HARDIN MT, CLUBB M, WALKUP JT, STEVENSON J, PAULS DL: Perinatal factors in the expression of Tourette’s Syndrome: An exploratory study. J American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 29:220–226, 1990.

  19. LECKMAN J: Trajectories of tic severity in Tourette’s Syndrome; the first two decades. Pediatrics, 102:14-18, 1998.

  20. LECKMAN JF, HARDIN MT, RIDDLE MA, STEVENSON J, ORT SL, COHEN DJ: Clonidine treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome. Archives General Psychiatry, 48:324-328, 1991.

  21. LIPKIN PH, GOLDSTEIN IJ: Tics and dyskinesias associated with stimulant treatment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 148:859-861, 1994.

  22. NARITA AS, SHAWKAT FS, LASK B, TAYLOR DS, HARRIS CM: Eye movement abnormalities in a case of Tourette Syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurology, 39(4):270-3, 1997.

  23. Origins of Neuroscience. A History of Explorations into Brain Function. Finger S (ed). Oxford University Press, 233-239, Nueva York, Oxford, 1994.

  24. PAULS DL, ALSOBROOK J: The familial relationship between Guilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 32:1044-1050, 1993.

  25. PETERSON BS, GORE JA, RIDLE M: Abnormal magnetic resonance imaging T2 relazation time asymmetries in Tourette’s Syndrome. Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging, 55:205-221, 1994.

  26. PRICE RA, LECKMAN JF: Tics and central nervous system stimulants in twins and non-twins with Tourette´s Syndrome. Archives General Psychiatry, 42:815-820, 1986.

  27. RICHARDSON EP: Neuropathological studies of Tourette’s Syndrome. En: Friedhoff AJCh (ed.) En: Advances in Neurology:Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome.Raven Press, Vol 35:83-87, Nueva York, 1982.

  28. RIDDLE y cols.: Desipramine treatment of boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and tics: Preliminary clinical experiences. J American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 27:811-814, 1988.

  29. SANTANGELO SL, PAULS DL, GOLDSTEIN JM, FARANOE SV, TSUNAG MT, LECKMAN JF: Tourette’s Syndrome. What are the influences of gender and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder? J American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 33:795-804, 1994.

  30. SCHWABE MJ, KONKOL RJ: Menstrual cycle-related fluctuations of tics in Tourette Syndrome. Pediatric Neurology, 8:43-46, 1992.

  31. SEIGNOT MJN: Un cas de maladie des tics de Gilles de laTourette guéri par le R 1625. Annals Medical Psychology, 119:578-579, 1961

  32. SILVA RR, MUÑOZ DM, BARICKMAN J,FRIEDHOFF AJ: Environmental factors and related fluctuation of symptoms in children and adolescents with Tourette’s disorder. J Child Psychology Psychiatry Applied Disciplines, 36:305-312, 1995.

  33. SOTERO DE, MENEZES MA, RHO JM, MURPHY P, CHEYETTE S: Lamotrigine-induced tic disorder: report of five pediatric cases. Epilepsia, 41(7):862-7, 2000.

  34. SPENCER TJ, BIEDERMAN JV: Bupropion exacerbates tics in children with attention deficit disorder. J American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(1):211-4, 1993.

  35. SPENCER J, BIEDERMAN V, COFFEY B, GELLER D, WILENS T, FARAONE S: The 4 year course of tic disorders in boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives General Psychiatry, 56:9, 1999.

  36. SPENCER TJ, BIEDERMAN JV: Notriptyline treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette’s Syndrome. J American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 32:205-210, 1993.

  37. SWEDO SE, LEONARD HL, KIESSLING LS: Speculations on antineuronal antibody-mediated neuropsychiatric disorder of childhood. Pediatrics, 93:323- 326, 1994.

  38. SWEDO SE, RAPOPORT SL: High prevalence of obsessive compulsive disorder symtoms in patients with Sydenham’s chorea. American J Psychiatry, 146:246-249, 1989.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com