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2004, Number 1

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Salud Mental 2004; 27 (1)

La medición de la personalidad en primates no humanos

Santillán-Doherty AM, Muñóz-Delgado J, Nicolini H

Language: Spanish
References: 98
Page: 50-59
PDF size: 165.21 Kb.


ABSTRACT

There are currently many studies on the personality of non-human primates and other animals. These include a variety of species as well as different research lines and methodologies, ranging in scope from informal reports and single case studies to well-designed research.
In addition to the need to demonstrate that primate personality exists as a legitimate study subject, extensive reviews on this topic show that the objective of most of the research performed in primates is centered on the description of personality dimensions, the measurement of personality traits, and their correlation with several biological, social and even ecological variables, and has used structural personality methodology. This method analyzes information from many interrelated variables, where two or more highly correlated traits reflect the existence of a personality dimension. This method has been used in the construction of “instruments” that evaluate human and animal personality, and has demonstrated its usefulness in basic personality research such as the correlation of biological, genetic, and social variables with personality traits, as well as the study of individual, cultural, and comparative variability.
By using human models as a parameter, some authors have concluded that personality research in non-human primates complies with the criteria to be considered feasible. Studies have shown that there is an empirical relation between personality and behavior. For example, there is a positive correlation between the sociability dimension of personality in rhesus macaques and their affiliative behavior scores. Also, that most of the rating instruments used have shown good inter- and intra-observer agreement; finally, that trait ratings have been useful in predicting behavioral and even physiological outcomes; for example, a relationship between dominance and testosterone levels.
Finally, in this report we also describe the most adequate methodology proposed in the literature for the study of primate personality: the combined use of both ethological coding and trait rating. A brief description of the most commonly used instruments is provided, along with some of the findings generated by such instruments. For example, the Battery of 25 Adjectives, used by several research groups, has shown the influence of both mothers and alpha males, personality on their infants, or the relation between personality and age, sex and hierarchy. Other groups have used reactivity scales to evaluate temperament, while still others have used the Emotions Profile Index (or a variation) to evaluate the distribution of emotions among a primate group. More recently, several groups have implemented human personality instruments in primate studies such as the Five Factor Model, finding that other dimensions are added when evaluating other species; for example, dominance, when applied to gorillas or chimpanzees. The use of this model has also allowed for the organization and integration of many other studies.
Animal research already plays an important role in the development of psychology. Learning, perception and even psychopathology have profited from it. The growing interest in primate personality and the recent efforts to integrate the diverse research lines developed until now, suggest the short-term possibility of using animal personality research as a useful tool in the understanding of genetic, biological and ecological influences of human personality.


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