medigraphic.com
Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.

2006, Number 3

<< Back Next >>

Rev Mex Neuroci 2006; 7 (3)

Vascular factors and Alzheimer’s disease

Rodríguez VR, Álvarez AA, Aguilar FL

Language: Spanish
References: 54
Page: 225-230
PDF size: 78.45 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative dementia characterized by a slow and progressive loss of the mental abilities. Clinically it is difficult to differentiate from vascular dementia, since in both pathologies there is an increase of Tau protein and diminution of ApoE in cephalorachidian liquid, among other similarities. Recent investigations also talk about an association between Alzheimer and arterial hypertension. Ruitenberg demonstrated that in patients with hypertension diagnosis, it precedes in approximately 10 years the Alzheimer’s diagnosis. This disease also is associated with high cholesterol levels in blood and diabetes mellitus, because it can be a risk factor for AD. Also, myocardial infarction has been associated with increase of the amount of senile plates and the incidence of the AD in women. Other factors associated to AD are low levels of ApoE protein, and tabaquism, although the relation with this, is not well explained.


REFERENCES

  1. Mckhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman-Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s diseases: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of the department of health and Human Services Task Forces on Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939-44.

  2. Skoog I, Nilsson L, Palmertz B, Andreasson L, Svanborg A. A population-based study of dementia in 85 years old. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 153-8.

  3. Skoog I, Palmertz B, Andreasson LA. The prevalence of white matter lesions on computed tomography of the brain in demented and non-demented 85 years olds. J Geriatri Psychiatry Neurol 1994; 7: 169-75.

  4. Skoog I. Assessment of hypertensive organ damage. In L Hanson W. Birkenhäger eds. Handbook of hypertension. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science BV; 1997; 303-31.

  5. Fischer P, Gatterer G, Marterer A, Simanyi M, Danelczyk W. Course characteristic in the differentiation of dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1990; 81: 551-3.

  6. Skoog I, Vallin A, Fredman P, Hesse C, Aevarsson O, Karlsson I, Gottfries CG, Blennow K. A population study on blood brain barrier function in 85 years olds: relation to Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Neurology 1998; 50: 966-71.

  7. Nagy ZS, Esiri MM, Joachim C, Jobst KA, Morris JH, King EM, et al. Comparison of pathological diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dis Assoc Disord 1998; 12: 182-9.

  8. Heyman A, Fillenbaun GG, Welsh-Bohmer K, Gearing M, Mirra S, Mohs R, et al. Cerebral infarcts in patients with autopsy-proven Alzheimer’s disease. CERAD, part XVIII. Neurology 1998; 51: 159-62.

  9. Kudo T, Imaizumi K, Tanimukai H, Katayama T, Sato N, Nakamura Y. Are cerebrovascular factors involved in Alzheimer’s disease? Neurobiology of Aging 2000; 21: 215-24.

  10. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN international workshop. Neurology 1993; 43: 250-60.

  11. Holmes C, Cairns N, Lantos P, Mann A. Validity of current clinical criteria for Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Br J Psychiat 1999; 174: 45-50.

  12. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA, Markesbery WR. Brain infarction and clinical expression of Alzheimer’s disease. The Num Study JAMA 1997; 277: 813-17.

  13. Amar K, Wilcock G, Scoot. The diagnosis of vascular dementia in the light of the new criteria. Age Ageing 1996; 25: 51-5.

  14. Weterling T, Kanitz RD, Borgis KJ. Comparison of different diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia (ADDTC, DSM-IV, ICD-10, NINDS-AIREN). Stroke 1996; 27: 30-6.

  15. Skoog I, Andersson LA, Landahl S, Lernfel B. A population-based study on blood pressure and brain atrophy. Hypertension 1998; 32: 404-9.

  16. Pasquier F, Leys D. Why are stroke patients prone to develop dementia? Journal of Neurology 1997; 244: 135-42.

  17. Ferruci L, Guralnik J, Salive M, Pahor M, Corti MC, Baroni A, et al. Cognitive impairment and risk of stroke in the older population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44: 237-41.

  18. Zhu L, Fratiglioni L, Guo B, Winblad M, Viitanen M. Incidence of stroke in relation to cognitive function and dementia in the Kungsholmen Project. Neurology 2000; 54: 2104-07.

  19. Vermeer SE. Silent brain infarct and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. The New England Journal of Medicine 2003; 348: 1215-22.

  20. De la Torre JC. Is Alzheimer’s disease a neurodegenerative or a vascular disorder? Data, dogma and dialectics. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: 184-90.

  21. Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S, Palmertz B, Andreason L, Nilsson L, et al. 15 years longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996; 347: 1141-5.

  22. Launer LJ, Ross GW, Petrovich H, Masaki K, Foley D, White LR, Havlik RJ. Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 21: 49-55.

  23. Ruitenberg A, Skoog I, Ott A, Aevarsson O, Witterman JC, Lernfelt B, et al. Blood pressure and risk of dementia: results from the Rotterdam study and the Gothenburg H 70 study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2001; 12: 33-9.

  24. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso M, Hanninen T, Hallikainen M, Alhainen K, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer’s diseases in later life: longitudinal population based study. BMJ 2001; 322: 1447-51.

  25. Petrovich H, White LR, Izmirillan G, Ross GW, Havlik RJ, Markesbery W, et al. Midlife blood pressure and neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and brain weight at death: The HAAS. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 21: 57-62.

  26. Sparks DL, Slacheff SW, Liu H, Lamders TM, Coyne CM, Hunsaker JC. Increased incidence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in non demented individuals with hypertension. J Neurol Sci 1995; 131: 162-69.

  27. Guo Z, Viitanen M, Fratiglioni L, Winblad B. Low blood pressure and dementia in elderly people. Brit Med J 1996; 312: 805-8.

  28. Skoog I. Status of risk factors for vascular dementia. Neuroepidemiology 1998; 17: 2-9.

  29. Guo Z, Fratiglioni L, Zhu L, Fastbom J, Winblad B, Viitanen M. Occurrence and progression of dementia in a community population aged 75 years and over: relation of antihypertensive medication use. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 991-6.

  30. Morris MC, Scherr PA, Hebert LE, Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Glynn RJ, Evans DA. The cross-sectional association between blood pressure and Alzheimer´s disease in a biracial community population of older person. J Gerontol, Biol Sci Med 2000; 55: 130-6.

  31. Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S. High blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996; 65-6.

  32. De la Torre JC. Alzheimer disease as a vascular disorder: nosological evidence. Stroke 2002; 33: 1152-62.

  33. Notkola II, Sulkawa R, Pekkanen J, Ekinjuntti T, Ehnholm C, Kivinen P, et al. Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E4 and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroepidemiology 1998; 17: 14-20.

  34. Ott A, Stolk RP, Hofman A,Van Harskamp F, Grobbee DE, Breteler MMB. Association of diabetes and dementia: the Rotterdam study. Diabetología 1996; 39: 1392-7.

  35. Ott A, Stolk RP, van Harskamp F, Pols HAP, Hofman A, Breteler MMB. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia. The Rotterdam study. Neurology 1999; 53: 1937-42.

  36. Leibson CL, Rocca WA, Hanson VA, Cha R, Kokmen E, O’Brien P, et al. Risk of dementia among persons with diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145: 301-8.

  37. Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Abbott RD, Petrovich H, Ross GW, Masaki KH, et al. Longitudinal association of vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia, diabetes and glucose intolerance. Neurology 1999; 52: 971-5.

  38. Mooradian AD. Pathophysiology of central nervous system complication in diabetes mellitus. Clin Neurosci 1997; 4: 322-6.

  39. Singh R, Borden A, Mori T, Beilin L. Advanced glycation end products: a review. Diabetología 2001; 44: 129-46.

  40. Aronson M, Ooi W, Morgenstern H, Hafner A, Masur D, Crystal H, et al. Women, myocardial infarction and dementia in the very old. Neurology 1990; 40: 1102-06.

  41. Ott A, Breteler MM, De Bruyne MC, Van Harskamp F, Grobbee DE, Hofman A. Atrial fibrillation and dementia in a population based study: The Rotterdam study. Stroke 1997; 28: 316-21.

  42. Hofman A, Ott A, Breteler MM, Bots ML, Slooter AJ, van Harskamp F, et al. Atherosclerosis, apoliprotein E, and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in the Rotterdam study. Lancet 1997; 349: 151-4.

  43. De Leeuw FE, De Groot JC, Oudkerk M, Kors JA, Hofman A, Van Gijn J, et al. Hypertension and cerebral white matter lesions in a prospective cohort study. Brain 2002; 125: 765-72.

  44. De Leeuw FE, De Groot JC, Oudkerk M, Kors JA, Hofman A, Van Gijn J, et al. Atrial fibrillation and the risk of the cerebral white matter lesions. Neurology 2000; 54: 1795-1801.

  45. Traycov L, Rigaud AS, Baudic S, Smagghe A, Boller F, Forette F, Apolipoprotein E. e4 allele frequency in demented and cognitively impaired patients with and without cerebrovascular disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2002; 177-81.

  46. Corder EA, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families. Science 1993; 261: 921-3.

  47. Saunders A, Strittmatter W, Schmechel D, St George HP, Pericak VM, Joo S. et al. Association of apoliprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer’s diseases. Neurology 1993; 43: 1467-72.

  48. Wilson PW, Myers RH, Larson MG, Ordovas JM, Wolf PA, Schaefer EJ. Apolipoprotein E alleles, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease. The Framingham offspring study. JAMA 1994; 272: 1666-71.

  49. Poirier J. Apolipoprotein E and cholesterol metabolism in the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Trends in molecular Medicine 2003; 9: 94-101.

  50. Davignon J, Gregg RF, Seng CF, Apolipoprotein E. Polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 17: 14-20.

  51. De Leeuw FE, Florence R, De Groot JC, Van Duijn CM, Hofman A, Van Gijn J, Breteler MB. Interaction Between hypertension, ApoE and cerebral white matter lesions. Stroke 2004; 35: 1057-62.

  52. Graves AB, Van Duijn CM, Chandra V, Fratiglioni L, Heyman A, Jorm AE. Alcohol and tobacco consumption as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: a collaborative re analysis of case-control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 1991; 20: S48-57.

  53. Van Duijn CM, Stijnen T, Hofman A. Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: overview of the EURODEM collaborative re analysis of case control studies. EURODEM Risk factors Research group. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20(2): S4-12.

  54. Ott A, Slooter AJC, Hofman A, Van Harskamp F, Witterman JC, Van Broeckhoven C, et al. Smoking and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in a population-based cohort study: The Rotterdam study. Lancet 1998; 351: 1840-3.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com