medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2006, Number S2

<< Back Next >>

salud publica mex 2006; 48 (S2)

The contribution of violence to maternal mortality in Morelos, Mexico

Campero L, Walker D, Hernández B, Espinoza H, Reynoso S, Langer A

Language: Spanish
References: 33
Page: 297-306
PDF size: 99.76 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective. To document the under-registration of violent deaths related to pregnancy and the importance of considering these violent deaths within the definition of maternal mortality. Material and Methods. The study was carried out in the state of Morelos, based on the review of all death certificates (394) of reproductive aged women (12-49 years) who died during 2001. Based on a list of diagnostic criteria we eliminated 167 certificates that were neither violent deaths nor maternal deaths. The remaining 227 certificates were further evaluated through verbal autopsy and/or review of medical charts. Results. Fifty-one violent deaths were found. Eighteen maternal deaths were officially reported in 2001, however, our study identified 23 direct maternal deaths and four violent deaths during pregnancy and the post-partum period. We found that this reproductive event was the direct trigger for the homicide or suicide of these four women, and only one of these cases was documented officially. Conclusions. Violent deaths related to pregnancy should be included in official maternal mortality statistics as indirect causes of maternal deaths. This would allow for a greater and more accurate understanding of violent maternal deaths and guide appropriate prevention and care policies, programs and services. Verbal autopsy is a useful technique for identifying cases of violent maternal deaths.


REFERENCES

  1. Secretaría de Salud (SSA). Información en Salud, 2003. Disponible en: http://www.salud.gob.mx/

  2. Encuesta Nacional de Salud, 2000 (ENSA). Disponible en: http://www.insp.mx/ensa_tomo2.pdf, pg 76)

  3. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Atlas de la Salud, 2002. Disponible en: // http://sigsalud.insp.mx/naais/atlasok.asp#

  4. Reyes S. Mortalidad materna en México. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. México DF: IMSS, 1994.

  5. Langer A, Hernández B, García C, Saldaña G. Identifying interventions to prevent maternal mortality in Mexico: a verbal autopsy study. En: Berer M, Sundari T, ed. Reproductive health matters. Safe motherhood initiatives: critical issues. London: Blackwell Science, 1999.

  6. WHO. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Tenth Revision. Geneva; WHO 1992. Disponible en: http://www3.who.int/icd/vol1htm2003/fr-icd.htm

  7. World Health Organization. Violence against women. Fact Sheet No. 239. Geneva: WHO, 2000. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/print.html

  8. World Health Organization (WHO). World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: WHO, 2002. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/

  9. Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática. Sistema de Indicadores para el Seguimiento de la Situación de la Mujer en México (SISESIM). INEGI. Disponible en: http://www.inegi.gob.mx/difusion/espanol/fsisesim.html.

  10. Castro R, Peek-Asa C, Ruiz A. Violence against women in Mexico: A study of abuse before and during pregnancy. Am J Public Health 2003;93(7):1110-1116.

  11. Hedin LW. Postpartum, also a risk period for domestic violence. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;89(1):41-5.

  12. Ahmed KM, Ginneken J, Razzaque A, Alam N. Violent deaths among women of reproductive age in rural Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med 2004;59:311-319.

  13. Guillaumue MK. Evolution du concept de mortalité maternelle et émergence de la mortalité violente en relation avec la grossesse. Disponible en: http://www.demo.ucl.ac.be/cq04/textes/GuillaumeKhlat.pdf

  14. Espinoza H, Camacho AV. Maternal death due to domestic violence: an unrecognized critical component of maternal mortality. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2005 Feb;17(2):123-9.

  15. Deaths from complications of unsafe abortion: Misclassified second trimester deaths. Reprod Health Matters 200;12(24):27-38.

  16. Sloan N, Langer A, Hernández B, Romero M, Winikoff B. The etiology of maternal mortality in developing countries: what do verbal autopsies tell us? Bull World Health Organ 2000;79(9):805-810.

  17. Ronsmans C, Vanneste AM, Chakraborty J, Van Ginneken J. A comparison of three verbal autopsy methods to ascertain levels and causes of maternal deaths in Matlab, Bangladesh. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27(4):660-666.

  18. World Health Organization. Putting women’s safety first: Ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. Geneva: WHO, 2001. (WHO/FCH/GWH/01.01).

  19. Hernández B, Langer A, Romero M, Chirino SJ. Factores asociados a la muerte materna hospitalaria en el Estado de Morelos, México. Salud Publica Mex 1994;36 (5):521-528.

  20. Espinoza H, Hernández B, Campero L, Walker D, Reynoso S, Langer A. Muertes maternas por aborto y por violencia en México: Narración de una experiencia en la formulación e implementación de una metodología de investigación. Perinatol Reprod Hum 2003;17(4):193-204.

  21. Petersen R, Gazmararian JA, Spitz AM, Rowley DL, Goodwin MM, Saltzman LE et al.Violence and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A review of the literature and directions for future research. Am J Prev Med 1997;13(5):366-73.

  22. Geronimus AT. Damned if you do: culture, identity, privilege, and teenage childbearing in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2003;57(5):881-93.

  23. Ronsmans C, Khlat M. Adolescence and risk of violent death during pregnancy in Matlab, Bangladesh. Lancet 1999;23;354(9188):1448.

  24. Frautschi S, Cerulli A, Maine D. Suicide during pregnancy and its neglect as a component of maternal mortality. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1994;47:275-284.

  25. Bayatpour M, Wells RD, Holford S. Physical and sexual abuse as predictors of substance use and suicide among pregnant teenagers. J Adolesc Health 1992;13(2):128-132.

  26. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Secretaría de Salud. Encuesta Nacional sobre Violencia contra las Mujeres. México: INSP, 2003.

  27. 27.Rizzi RG, Córdoba RR, Maguna JJ. Maternal mortality due to violence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1998;63 Suppl1:19-24.

  28. Hedin LW, Janson PO. Domestic violence during pregnancy. The prevalence of physical injuries, substance use, abortions and miscarriages. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79(8):623-624.

  29. Castro R, Campero L, Hernández B, Langer A. A study on maternal mortality in Mexico through a qualitative approach. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2000;9(6):679-690.

  30. Petersen R, Saltzman LE, Goodwin M, Spitz A. Key scientific issues for research on violence occurring around the time of pregnancy. Atlanta, Georgia: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998.

  31. Granja AC, Zacarias E, Bergstrom S. Violent deaths: the hidden face of maternal mortality. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2002;109(1):5-8.

  32. McFarlane J, Campbell JC, Sharps P, Watson K. Abuse during pregnancy and femicide: urgent implications for women’s health. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100(1):27-30.

  33. Marchant S, Davidson LL, Garcia J, Parsons JE. Addressing domestic violence through maternity services: policy and practice. Midwifery 2001;17(3):164-170.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com