medigraphic.com
ISSN 0185-3252 (Print)
Revista de la Asociación Médica del Centro Médico ABC

2022, Number 2

<< Back Next >>

An Med Asoc Med Hosp ABC 2022; 67 (2)

Metastatic triple negative breast carcinoma: clinical and therapeutic aspects

Serrano OJA, Osorio PD, Noguez RA, Ramírez MRG, Jiménez CA, Manríquez CBLF

Language: Spanish
References: 107
Page: 119-130
PDF size: 379.04 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Triple negative breast carcinoma represents 15-20% of breast carcinomas. Information on the behavior of triple negative metastatic carcinoma is limited. New therapeutic options have emerged. Objectives: To describe the evidence on the clinical and molecular behavior of metastatic triple negative breast carcinoma. Review of the literature on behavior and development of new therapeutic options in metastatic triple negative breast carcinoma. Triple negative breast carcinoma is associated with high recurrence rates and a worse prognosis. New research has identified different subtypes to explore new therapeutic targets. Triple negative breast cancer constitutes a group of heterogeneous neoplasms associated with aggressive behaviors with few therapeutic options. Survival in the metastatic stage is close to one year. Molecular subtypes have made it possible to identify possible new therapeutic agents.


REFERENCES

  1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021; 71: 7-33.

  2. Rida, P, Ogden A, Ellis IO, Varga Z, Wolff A, Traina T et al. First international TNBC conference meeting report. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018; 169: 407-412.

  3. Collignon J, Lousberg L, Schroeder H, Jerusalem G. Triple-negative breast cancer: treatment challenges and solutions. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press). 2016; 20 (8): 93-107.

  4. Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS. Triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363 (20): 1938-1948.

  5. Van Mechelen M, van Herck A, Punie K, Nevelsteen I, Smeets A, Neven P et al. Behavior of metastatic breast cancer according to subtype. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2020; 181 (1): 115-125.

  6. Chen L, Cook LS, Tang MT, Porter PL, Hill DA, Wiggins CL et al. Body mass index and risk of luminal, HER2-overexpressing, and triple negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016; 157 (3): 545-554.

  7. Dawood S. Triple-negative breast cancer. Epidemiology and management options. Drugs. 2010; 70 (17): 2247-2258.

  8. Brewster AM, Chavez-McGregor M, Brown P. Epidemiology, biology, and treatment of triple-negative breast cancer in women of African ancestry. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15 (13): e625-634.

  9. Lund MJ, Trivers KF, Porter PL, Coates RJ, Leyland-Jones B, Brawley OW et al. Race and triple negative threats to breast cancer survival: a population-based study in Atlanta, GA. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009; 113 (2): 357-370.

  10. Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Breast cancer risk genes - association analysis in more than 113,000 women. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384 (5): 428-439.

  11. Hu C, Hart SN, Gnanaolivu R. A population-based study of genes previously implicated in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384 (5): 440-451.

  12. Bianchini G, Balko JM, Mayer IA, Sanders ME, Gianni L. Triple-negative breast cancer: challenges and opportunities of a heterogeneous disease. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016; 13 (11): 674-690.

  13. Pourteimoor V, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S, Paryan M. Breast cancer classification and prognostication through diverse systems along with recent emerging findings in this respect; the dawn of new perspectives in the clinical applications. Tumour Biol. 2016; 37 (11): 14479-14499.

  14. Navarrete-Bernal MGC, Cervantes-Badillo MG, Martínez-Herrera JF. Biological landscape of triple negative breast cancers expressing CTLA-4. Front Oncol. 2020; 10: 1206.

  15. Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, Ress CA et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2000; 406 (6797): 747-752.

  16. Sorlie T, Tibshirani R, Parker J, Hastie T, Marron JS, Nobel A et al. Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100: 8418-8423.

  17. Metzger-Filho O, Sun Z, Viale G, Price K, Crivellari D, Snyder R et al. Patterns of recurrence and outcome according to breast cancer subtypes in lymph-node negative disease: results from the international breast cancer study group trials VIII and IX. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31 (25): 3083-3090.

  18. Goldhrish A, Winer EP, Coates AS, Gelber RD, Piccart-Gebhart M, Thürlimann B et al. Perzonalizing the treatment of women with early breast cancer: highlights of the St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the primary therapy of early breast cancer 2013. Ann Oncol. 2013; 24: 2206-2223.

  19. Prat A, Adamo B, Cheang M, Anders C, Carey L, Perou CM. Molecular characterization of basal-like and non-basal-like triple-negative breast cancer. Oncologist. 2013; 18 (2): 123-133.

  20. Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, Sanders ME, Chakravarthy AB, Shyr Y et al. Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. J Clin Invest. 2011; 121 (7): 2750-2767.

  21. Lehmann BD, Jovanovi? B, Chen X, Estrada MV, Johnson K, Shyr Y et al. Refinement of triple-negative breast cancer molecular subtypes: implications for neoadjuvant chemotherapy selection. PLoS One. 2016; 11 (6): e0157368.

  22. Nunnery SE, Mayer IA, Balko JM. Triple-negative breast cancer: breast tumors with an identity crisis. Cancer J. 2021; 27 (1): 2-7.

  23. Kreike B, van Kouwenhove M, Horlings H, Weigelt B. Gene expression profiling and histopathological characterization of triple-negative/basal-like breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res. 2007; 9 (5): R65. doi: 10.1186/bcr1771.

  24. Jézéquel P, Loussouarn D, Guérin-Charbonnel C, Campion L, Vanier A, Gouraud W et al. Gene-expression molecular subtyping of triple-negative breast cancer tumours: importance of immune response. Breast Cancer Res. 2015; 20: 17-43.

  25. Ahn SG, Kim SJ, Kim C, Jeong J. Molecular classification of triple-negative breast cancer. J Breast Cancer. 2016; 19: 223-230.

  26. Houssami N, Macaskill P, von Minckwitz G, Marinovich M L, MamounasE. Meta-analysis of the association of breast cancer subtype and pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2012; 48 (18): 3342-3354.

  27. Wu K, Yang Q, Liu Y, Wu A, Yang Z. Meta-analysis on the association between pathologic complete response and triple-negative breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. World J Surg Oncol. 2014; 12: 95. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-95.

  28. Chen L, Linden HM, Anderson BO, Li CI. Trends in 5-year survival rates among breast cancer patients by hormone receptor status and stage. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014; 147 (3): 609-616.

  29. Kassam F, Enright K, Dent R, Dranitsaris G, Myers J, Flynn C et al. Survival outcomes for patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: implications for clinical practice and trial design. Clin Breast Cancer. 2009; 9 (1): 29-33.

  30. Jin J, Gao Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang B, Cao J et al. Incidence, pattern and prognosis of brain metastases in patients with metastatic triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2018; 18: 446. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4371-0.

  31. Pogoda K, Niwinska A, Murawska M, Pie?kowski T. Analysis of pattern, time and risk factors influencing recurrence in triple-negative breast cancer patients. Med Oncol. 2013; 30 (1): 388. doi: 10.1007/s12032-012-0388-4.

  32. Cardoso F, Paluch-Shimon S, Senkus E, Curigliano G, Aapro M S, André F et al. 5th ESO-ESMO International Consensus Guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 5). Ann Oncol. 2020; 31 (12): 1623-1649.

  33. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Breast Cancer Guidelines, v2.2021 2021, march 12th. [Accessed march 19, 2021]. Available in: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdf

  34. Jung SY, Rosenzweig M. Sequential metastatic breast cancer chemotherapy: should the median be the message? Front Public Health. 2013; 11: 49. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2013.00049.

  35. Claessens AKM, Erdkamp FLG, Lopez-Yurda M, Bouma JM, Honkoop A et al. Secondary analyses of the randomized phase III Stop&Go study: efficacy of second-line intermittent versus continuous chemotherapy in HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. Acta Oncol. 2020; 59 (6): 713-722.

  36. Telli M, Carlson RW. Chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2009; 9 (Supl 2): S66-S72.

  37. O'Shaughnessy J, Miles D, Vukelja S, Moiseyenko V. Superior survival with capecitabine plus docetaxel combination therapy in anthracycline-pretreated patients with advanced breast cancer: phase III trial results. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20: 2812-2823.

  38. Albain KS, Nag SM, Calderillo-Ruiz G, Jordaan JP, Antonio C. Gemcitabine plus paclitaxel versus paclitaxel monotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer and prior anthracycline treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26 (24): 3950-3957.

  39. Thomas ES, Gomez HL, Li RK, Chung HC. Ixabepilone plus capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer progressing after anthracycline and taxane treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25 (33): 5210-5217.

  40. Sledge GW, Neuberg D, Bernardo P, Ingle JN, Martino S. Phase III trial of oxorubicin, paclitaxel, and the combination of doxorubicin and paclitaxel as front-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer: an intergroup trial (E1193). J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21 (4): 588-592.

  41. Zeichner SB, Terawaki H, Gogineni K. A review of systemic treatment in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer (Auckl). 2016; 10: 25-36.

  42. Dear F, McGeechan K, Jenkins MC, Barratt A, Tattersall MHN, Wilcken N et al. Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 2013 (12): CD008792. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008792.pub2.

  43. Tian Q, Du P, Li S, Bai Z, Yong Y, Zenget J et al. Effect of antitumor treatments on triple-negative breast cancer patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017; 96 (45): e8389.

  44. Gamucci T, Mentuccia L, Natoli C, Sperduti I, Cassano A, Michelotti A et al. A real world multicentre restroespective study of paclitaxel-bevacizumab and mantenance therapy as first line for HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. J Cell Physiol. 2017; 232 (6): 1571-1578.

  45. Miles DW, Diéras V, Cortés J, Duenne AA, Yi J, O'Shaughnessy J et al. First-line bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy for HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: pooled and subgroup analyses of data from 2,447 patients. Ann Oncol. 2013; 24 (119: 2773-2780.

  46. Ge L, Tang Y, Zhang QN, Tian JH, Wang XH, Pieperet D et al. A network meta-analysis on the efficacy of targeted agents in combination with chemotherapy for treatment of advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2017; 8 (35): 59539-59551.

  47. Cazzaniga ME, Cortesi L, Ferzi A, Scaltriti L, Cicchiello F, Ciccarese M et al. Metronomic chemotherapy with oral vinorelbine (Mvnr) and capecitabine (m CAPE) in advanced HER2 negative breast cancer patients: is it a way to optimize disease control? Final results of VICTOR 2 study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016; 160 (3): 501-509.

  48. Montagna E, Bagnardi V, Cancello G, Sangalli C, Pagan E, Iorfida M et al. Metronomic chemotherapy for first-line treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a phase II trial. Breast Care (Basel). 2018; 13 (3): 177-181.

  49. Schmidt M. Dose-dense chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer: shortening the time interval for a better therapeutic index. Breast Care (Basel). 2016; 11: 22-26.

  50. McGuinness JE, Kalinsky K. Antibody-drug conjugates in metastatic triple negative breast cancer: a spotlight on sacituzumab govitecan, ladiratuzumab vedotin, and trastuzumab deruxtecan. Expert Opin Biol Ther. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2021; 21 (7): 903-913. doi: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1840547.

  51. Bardia A, Mayer IA, Vahdat LT, Tolaney SM, Isakoff SJ, Diamond JR et al. Sacituzumab govitecan-hziy in refractory metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380 (8): 741-751.

  52. Bardia A, Tolaney SM, Loirat D, Punie K, Oliveira M, Rugo H et al. LBA17-ASCENT: A randomized phase III study of sacituzumab govitecan (SG) vs treatment of physician's choice (TPC) in patients (pts) with previously treated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC). Annals of Oncology. 2020; 31 (Suppl_4): S1142-S1215.

  53. Tutt A, Ashworth A. The relationship between the roles of BRCA genes in DNA repair and cancer predisposition. Trends Mol Med. 2002; 8 (12): 571-576.

  54. Venkitaraman AR. Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cell. 2002; 108: 171-182.

  55. Ambrogi F, Fornili M, Boracchi P, Trerotola M, Relli V, Simeone P et al. Trop-2 is a determinant of breast cancer survival. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e96993.

  56. Starodub AN, Ocean AJ, Shah MA, Guarino MJ, Picozzi VJ Jr, Vahdat LT et al. First-in- human trial of a novel anti-trop-2 antibody-SN-38 conjugate, sacituzumab govitecan, for the treatment of diverse metastatic solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2015; 21 (17): 3870-3878.

  57. Pommier Y, O'Connor MJ, de Bono J. Laying a trap to kill cancer cells: PARP inhibitors and their mechanisms of action. Sci Transl Med. 2016; 8 (362): 362ps17.

  58. Hartman AR, Kaldate RR, Sailer LM, Painter L, Grier CE, Endsley RE et al. Prevalence of BRCA mutations in an unselected population of triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer. 2012; 118 (11): 2787-2795.

  59. Robson M, Im SA, Senkus E, Xu B, Domchek SM, Masuda M et al. Olaparib for metastatic breast cancer in patients with a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377 (6): 523-533.

  60. Robson ME, Tung N, Conte P, Im SA, Senkus E, Xu B et al. OlympiAD final overall survival and tolerability results: Olaparib versus chemotherapy treatment of physician's choice in patients with a germline BRCA mutation and HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2019; 30 (4): 558-566.

  61. Litton JK, Rugo HS, Ettl J, Hurvitz SA, Goncalvez A, Lee KH et al: Talazoparib in patients with advanced breast cancer and a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379: 753-763.

  62. Freeman GJ, Long AJ, Iwai Y, Bourque K, Chernova T, Nishimura H et al. Engagement of the PD-1 immunoinhibitory receptor by a novel B7 family member leads to negative regulation of lymphocyte activation. J Exp Med. 2000; 192 (7): 1027-1034.

  63. Amarnath S, Mangus CW, Wang JC, Wei F, He A, Kapoor V et al. The PDL1-PD1 axis converts human TH1 cells into regulatory T cells. Sci Transl Med. 2011; 3 (111): 111ra20.

  64. Spranger S, Spaapen RM, Zha Y, Williams J, Meng Y, Ha TT et al. Up-regulation of PD-L1, IDO, and T (regs) in the melanoma tumor microenvironment is driven by CD8 (+) T cells. Sci Transl Med. 2013; 5: 200ra116. doi: 10.1126/scitransled.3006504.

  65. Schmid P, Adams S, Rugo HS, Schneeweiss A, Barrios CH, Iwata H et al. Atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel in advanced triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379: 2108-2121.

  66. Schmid P, Rugo HS, Adams S, Schneeweiss A, Barrios CH, Iwata H et al. Atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel as first-line treatment for unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (IMpassion130): updated efficacy results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020; 21 (1): 44-59.

  67. Miles DW, Gligorov J, André F, Russell K, Donica M, O'Shaughnessy J et al. Abstract LBA15: Primary results from IMpassion131, a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized phase III trial of first-line paclitaxel atezolizumab for unresectable locally advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Annals of Oncology. 2020; 31 (Suppl_4): S1147-S1148.

  68. Franzoi MA, Azambuja E. Atezolizumab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: IMpassion130 and 131 trials - how to explain different results? ESMO Open. 2020; 5: e001112. doi: 10.1136/esmoopen-2020-001112.

  69. Nanda R, Chow LQM, Dees EC, Berger R, Gupta S, Pusztai L et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer: phase Ib KEYNOTE-012 study. J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34 (21): 2460-2467.

  70. Adams S, Loi S, Toppmeyer D, Cescon DW, De Laurentis M, Nanda R et al. Pembrolizumab monotherapy for previously untreated, PD-L1-positive, metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: cohort B of the phase II KEYNOTE-086 study. Ann Oncol. 2019; 30 (3): 405-411.

  71. Adams S, Schmid P, Rugo HS, Winer EP, Loirat D, Awada A et al. Pembrolizumab monotherapy for previously treated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: cohort A of the phase II KEYNOTE-086 study. Ann Oncol. 2019; 30 (3): 397-404.

  72. Cortés J, Lipatov, Im S-A, Gonçalves A, Lee KS, Schmid P et al. LBA21: KEYNOTE-119: Phase III study of pembrolizumab (pembro) versus single-agent chemotherapy (chemo) for metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC). Ann Oncol. 2019; 30 (5): 859-860.

  73. Cortes J, Cescon DW, Rugo HS, Nowecki Z, Im SA, Yusof MM et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for previously untreated locally recurrent inoperable or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (KEYNOTE-355): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial. Lancet. 2020; 396 (10265): 1817-1828.

  74. Boland CR, Goel A. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010; 138 (6): 2073-2087.

  75. Horimoto Y, Thinzar HM, Saeki H, Kitano S, Nakai KSasaki R et al. Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair protein expressions in lymphocyte-preominant breast cancer. Cancer Sci. 2020; 111 (7): 2647-2654.

  76. Barroso-Sousa R, Jain E, Cohen O, Kim D, Buendia-Buendia J, Winer E et al. Prevalence and mutational determinants of high tumor mutation burden in breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2020; 31 (3): 387-394.

  77. Marcus L, Lemery S J, Patricia Keegan P, Pazdur R. FDA Approval summary: pembrolizumab for the treatment of microsatellite instability-high solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2019; 25 (13): 3753-3758.

  78. Marabelle A, Fakih M, Lopez J, Shah M, Shapira-Frommer R, Nakagawa K et al. Association of tumour mutational burden with outcomes in patients with advanced solid tumours treated with pembrolizumab: prospective biomarker analysis of the multicohort, open-label, phase 2 KEYNOTE-158 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020; 21 (10): 1353-1365.

  79. Cocco E, Scaltriti M, Drilon A. NTRK fusion-positivecancers and TRK inhibitor therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018; 15 (12): 731-747.

  80. Penault-Llorca F, Rudzinski ER, Sepulveda AR. Testing algorithm for identification of patients with TRK fusion cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2019; 72 (7): 460-467.

  81. Hong D, DuBois S G, Kummar S,Farago A, Albert C, Rohrberg K et al. Larotrectinib in patients with TRK fusion-positive solid tumours: a pooled analysis of three phase 1/2 clinical trials. Lancet Oncol. 2020; 21 (4): 531-540.

  82. Doebele R C, Drilon A, Paz-Ares L, Siena S, Shaw AT, Farago AF et al. Entrectinib in patients with advanced or metastatic NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours: integrated analysis of three phase 1-2 trials. Lancet Oncol. 2020; 21 (2): 271-282.

  83. National Institute of Health. National Library ofMedicine. ClinicalTrials.gov. [Access 01 march 2021] Available in: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=triple+negative&cond=Metastatic+Breast+Cancer&recrs=a&age_v=&age=1&gndr=&type=Intr&rslt=Without&phase=0&phase=1&Search=Apply

  84. Tan MH, Li J, Xu HE, Melcher K, Yong EL. Androgen receptor: structure, role in prostate cancer and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2015; 36 (1): 3-23.

  85. Georget V, Térouanne B, Nicolas J, Sultan C. Mechanism of antiandrogen action: key role of hsp90 in conformational change and transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor. Biochemistry. 2002; 41 (39): 11824-11831.

  86. Kono M, Fujii T, Lim B, Karuturi MS, Tripathy D, Ueno NT. Androgen Receptor function and androgen receptor–targeted therapies in breast cancer: a review. JAMA Oncol. 2017; 3 (9): 1266-1273.

  87. Gucalp A, Tolaney S, Isakoff SJ, Liu MC, Carey LA, Blackwell K et al. Phase II trial of bicalutamide in patients with androgen receptor-positive, estrogen receptor-negative metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2013; 19 (19): 5505-5512.

  88. Bonnefoi H, Grellety T, Tredan O, Saghatchian M, Dalenc F, Mailliez A et al. A phase II trial of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in patients with triple-negative androgen receptor positive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (UCBG 12-1). Ann Oncol. 2016; 27 (5): 812-818.

  89. Traina TA, Miller K, Yardley DA, O'Shaughnessy J, Cortes J, Awada A et al. Results from a phase 2 study of enzalutamide (ENZA), an androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor, in advanced AR+ triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33 (Supl 15): 1003.

  90. Cantley LC. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Science. 2002; 296 (5573): 1655-1657.

  91. Manning BD, Cantley LC. AKT/PKB signaling: navigating downstream. Cell. 2007; 129 (7): 1261-1274.

  92. Bhaskar PT, Hay N. The two TORCs and kt. Dev Cell. 2007; 12 (4): 487-502.

  93. Kim SB, Dent R, Im SA, Espié M, Blau S, Tan AR et al. Ipatasertib plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel as first-line therapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (LOTUS): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017; 18 (10): 1360-1372.

  94. Schmid P, Abraham J, Chan S, Wheatley D, Brunt AM, Nemsadze G et al. Capivasertib plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel as first-line therapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: The PAKT trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020; 38 (5): 423-433.

  95. Kopan R, Ilagan MX. The canonical Notch signaling pathway: unfolding the activation mechanism. Cell. 2009; 137 (2): 216-233.

  96. Ranganathan P, Weaver KL, Capobianco AJ. Notch signalling in solid tumours: a little bit of everything but not all the time. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011; 11 (5): 338-351.

  97. Hu YY, Zheng MH, Zhang R, Liang YM, Han H. Notch signaling pathway and cancer metastasis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012; 727: 186-198.

  98. Locatelli MA, Aftimos P, Dees EC, LoRusso PM, Pegram MD, Awada A et al. Phase I study of the gamma secretase inhibitor PF-03084014 in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2017; 8 (2): 2320-2328.

  99. Minuti G, Landi L. MET deregulation in breast cancer. Ann Transl Med. 2015; 3 (13): 181-187.

  100. Rayson D, Lupichuk S, Potvin K, Dent S, Shenkier T, Dhesy-Thind S et al. Canadian Cancer Trials Group IND197: a phase II study of foretinib in patients with estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016; 157 (1): 109-116.

  101. Tolaney SM, Ziehr DR, Guo H, Ng Mr, Barry WT, Higgins MJ et al. Phase II and biomarker study of cabozantinib in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer patients. Oncologist. 2017; 22 (1): 25-32.

  102. Tolaney S M, Tan S, Guo H, Barray W, van Allen E, Wagle N et al. Phase II study of tivantinib (ARQ 197) in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Invest New Drugs. 2015; 33 (5): 1108-1114.

  103. Diéras V, Campone MM, Yardley DA. Randomized, phase II, placebo-controlled trial of onartuzumab and/or bevacizumab in combination with weekly paclitaxel in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2015; 26: 1904-1910.

  104. Toulouie S, Johanning G, Shi Y. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy in breast cancer: development and challenges. J Cancer. 2021; 12 (4): 1212-1219.

  105. Tchou J, Zhao Y, Levine B L. Safety and efficacy of intratumoral injections of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2017; 5 (12): 1152-1161.

  106. Curigliano G, Bagnardi V, Ghioni M, Louahed J, Brichard V, Lehmann FF et al. Expression of tumor-associated antigens in breast cancer subtypes. Breast. 2020; 49: 202-209.

  107. Toh U, Sakurai S, Saku S, Takao Y, Okabe M, Iwakuma N et al. Early phase II study of mixed 19-peptide vaccine monotherapy for refractory triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Sci. 2020; 111 (8): 2760-2769.



EVIDENCE LEVEL

III




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com