2014, Número 07-08
<< Anterior Siguiente >>
Medicina & Laboratorio 2014; 20 (07-08)
Enfermedades autoinmunes reumáticas: de la clínica al laboratorio
Vanegas-García AL
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 158
Paginas: 357-381
Archivo PDF: 434.44 Kb.
RESUMEN
La autoinmunidad es la pérdida de la tolerancia de un organismo a los antígenos propios, lo
que genera la producción de autoanticuerpos; sin embargo, su presencia no siempre indica la existencia
de una enfermedad. Las enfermedades autoinmunes reumáticas son un grupo de condiciones crónicas
que comparten características clínicas y de laboratorio. Para hacer un diagnóstico correcto se debe
partir de la identificación de los síntomas y hallazgos clínicos del paciente, y correlacionarlos con los
exámenes de laboratorio, los cuales ayudan a confirmar o descartar la enfermedad, estimar su gravedad,
pronóstico y dar seguimiento a su evolución.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Keeling DM, Isenberg DA. Haematological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Blood Rev 1993; 7: 199-207.
Levine AB, Erkan D. Clinical assessment and management of cytopenias in lupus patients. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2011; 13: 291-299.
Tzioufas AG, Kokori SI, Petrovas CI, Moutsopoulos HM. Autoantibodies to human recombinant erythropoietin in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with anemia. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 2212-2216.
Means RT, Jr., Krantz SB. Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease. Blood 1992; 80: 1639-1647.
Vreugdenhil G, Baltus CA, van Eijk HG, Swaak AJ. Anaemia of chronic disease: diagnostic significance of erythrocyte and serological parameters in iron deficient rheumatoid arthritis patients. Br J Rheumatol 1990; 29: 105-110.
Segal R, Baumoehl Y, Elkayam O, Levartovsky D, Litinsky I, Paran D, et al. Anemia, serum vitamin B12, and folic acid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2004; 24: 14-19.
Giannouli S, Voulgarelis M, Ziakas PD, Tzioufas AG. Anaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus: from pathophysiology to clinical assessment. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65: 144- 148.
Katsumata K. A case of systemic sclerosis complicated by autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Mod Rheumatol 2006; 16: 191-195.
Amorosi EL, Ultmann JE. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Report of 16 cases and review of the literature. Medicine 1966; 45: 139-160.
Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, Khamashta MA, Shoenfeld Y, Camps MT, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 1019-1027.
Bashal F. Hematological disorders in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Open Rheumatol J 2013; 7: 87-95.
Nossent JC, Swaak AJ. Prevalence and significance of haematological abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Q J Med 1991; 80: 605-612.
Yu HH, Wang LC, Lee JH, Lee CC, Yang YH, Chiang BL. Lymphopenia is associated with neuropsychiatric manifestations and disease activity in paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46: 1492-1494.
Stafford HA, Chen AE, Anderson CJ, Paul AG, Wyatt EL, Lee LA, et al. Anti-ribosomal and ‘P-peptide’-specific autoantibodies bind to T lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 109: 12-19.
Baimpa E, Dahabreh IJ, Voulgarelis M, Moutsopoulos HM. Hematologic manifestations and predictors of lymphoma development in primary Sjogren syndrome: clinical and pathophysiologic aspects. Medicine (Baltimore) 2009; 88: 284-293.
Fedor ME, Rubinstein A. Effects of long-term low-dose corticosteroid therapy on humoral immunity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97: 113-116.
Isenberg DA, Patterson KG, Todd-Pokropek A, Snaith ML, Goldstone AH. Haematological aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus: a reappraisal using automated methods. Acta Haematol 1982; 67: 242-248.
Schur PH, Berliner N. Hematologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults. UpToDate. 2014. Disponible: http:// www.uptodate.com/contents/hematologic- manifestations-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus- in-adults. Consultado: julio 2014.
Martínez-Baños D, Crispín JC, Lazo-Langner A, Sánchez-Guerrero J. Moderate and severe neutropenia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45: 994-998.
Hartman KR. Anti-neutrophil antibodies of the immunoglobulin M class in autoimmune neutropenia. Am J Med Sci 1994; 308: 102-105.
Ezzat MH, El-Gammasy TM, Shaheen KY, El-Mezdawi RA, Youssef MS. Up regulation of serum tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: relations with disease activity, antibodies to double -stranded DNA, nephritis and neutropenia. Int J Rheum Dis 2013; 16: 310-318.
Bowman SJ. Hematological manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2002; 31: 251-259.
Hepburn AL, Narat S, Mason JC. The management of peripheral blood cytopenias in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49: 2243-2254.
Ziakas PD, Giannouli S, Zintzaras E, Tzioufas AG, Voulgarelis M. Lupus thrombocytopenia: clinical implications and prognostic significance. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64: 1366- 1369.
Lipp E, von Felten A, Sax H, Muller D, Berchtold P. Antibodies against platelet glycoproteins and antiphospholipid antibodies in autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Eur J Haematol 1998; 60: 283-288.
Michel M, Lee K, Piette JC, Fromont P, Schaeffer A, Bierling P, et al. Platelet autoantibodies and lupus-associated thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2002; 119: 354-358.
Ziakas PD, Routsias JG, Giannouli S, Tasidou A, Tzioufas AG, Voulgarelis M. Suspects in the tale of lupus-associated thrombocytopenia. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145: 71-80.
Fureder W, Firbas U, Nichol JL, Pistillo J, Winkler S, Hiesberger H, et al. Serum thrombopoietin levels and anti-thrombopoietin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2002; 11: 221-226.
Michel M, Chanet V, Dechartres A, Morin AS, Piette JC, Cirasino L, et al. The spectrum of Evans syndrome in adults: new insight into the disease based on the analysis of 68 cases. Blood 2009; 114: 3167-3172.
Delezé M, Oria CV, Alarcón-Segovia D. Occurrence of both hemolytic-anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura (Evans’ syndrome) in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relationship to antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 611-615.
Cameron JS. Lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 413-424.
Molino C, Fabbian F, Longhini C. Clinical approach to lupus nephritis: recent advances. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20: 447-453.
Goules AV, Tatouli IP, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG. Clinically significant renal involvement in primary Sjogren’s syndrome: clinical presentation and outcome. Arthritis Rheum 2013; 65: 2945-2953.
Goules A, Masouridi S, Tzioufas AG, Ioannidis JP, Skopouli FN, Moutsopoulos HM. Clinically significant and biopsy-documented renal involvement in primary Sjogren syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000; 79: 241- 249.
Volanakis JE. Acute-Phase Proteins in the Rheumatic Diseases. In: Koopman WJ, Moreland LW, eds. Arthritis and allied conditions : a textbook of rheumatology (ed 15a). Filadelfia, Estados Unidos: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005: 505–516.
Jou JM, Lewis SM, Briggs C, Lee SH, De La Salle B, McFadden S. ICSH review of the measurement of the erythocyte sedimentation rate. Int J Lab Hematol 2011; 33: 125-132.
Miller A, Green M, Robinson D. Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983; 286: 266.
Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 448-454.
Ballou SP, Kushner I. Laboratory evalua tion of inflammation. In: Harris ED Jr, Budd RC, Firestein GS, Genovese MC, Sergent JS, Sledge CB, eds. Kelley’s Textbook of Rheumatology. Vol. 1 (ed 7a). Filadelfia, Estados Unidos: Elsevier Saunders; 2005: 720–727.
Molina J, Bedoya A, J. M. Laboratorio en enfermedades reumáticas. In: Alarcón-Segovia D, Molina J, Molina JF, Catoggio LJ, Cardiel MH, Angulo JM, eds. Tratado hispanoamericano de Reumatología (ed 1ra). Bogotá D.C., Colombia: Schering-Plough; 2006: 189–202.
Bastard JP, Maachi M, Van Nhieu JT, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Grimaldi A, et al. Adipose tissue IL-6 content correlates with resistance to insulin activation of glucose uptake both in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2084-2089.
Campuzano-Maya G. Uso y utilidad clínica de la eritrocedimentación. Medicina & Laboratorio 2000; 9: 311-345.
Tillett WS, Francis T. Serological Reactions in Pneumonia with a Non-Protein Somatic Fraction of Pneumococcus. J Exp Med 1930; 52: 561-571.
Volanakis JE. Human C-reactive protein: expression, structure, and function. Mol Immunol 2001; 38: 189-197.
Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA 2001; 285: 2481-2485.
Vigushin DM, Pepys MB, Hawkins PN. Metabolic and scintigraphic studies of radioiodinated human C-reactive protein in health and disease. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1351-1357.
Morley JJ, Kushner I. Serum C-reactive protein levels in disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 389: 406-418.
Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM. C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 1805-1812.
Krabben A, Huizinga TW, Mil AH. Biomarkers for radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 21: 147-169.
Moutsopoulos HM, Mavridis AK, Acritidis NC, Avgerinos PC. High C-reactive protein response in lupus polyarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1983; 1: 53-55.
ter Borg EJ, Horst G, Limburg PC, van Rijswijk MH, Kallenberg CG. C-reactive protein levels during disease exacerbations and infections in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective longitudinal study. J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 1642-1648.
Chen M, Daha MR, Kallenberg CG. The complement system in systemic autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2010; 34: J276-286.
Truedsson L, Bengtsson AA, Sturfelt G. Complement deficiencies and systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2007; 40: 560-566.
Nadasdy T, Hebert LA. Infection-related glomerulonephritis: understanding mechanisms. Semin Nephrol 2011; 31: 369-375.
Damoiseaux J. The diagnosis and classification of the cryoglobulinemic syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13: 359-362.
Jara LJ, Navarro C, Medina G, Vera-Lastra O, Saavedra MA. Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2009; 11: 410-415.
Neugarten J, Baldwin DS. Glomerulonephritis in bacterial endocarditis. Am J Med 1984; 77: 297-304.
Jaskowski TD, Martins TB, Litwin CM, Hill HR. Comparison of three different methods for measuring classical pathway complement activity. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999; 6: 137-139.
Renaudineau Y, Jamin C, Saraux A, Youinou P. Rheumatoid factor on a daily basis. Autoimmunity 2005; 38: 11-16.
Pai S, Pai L, Birkenfeldt R. Correlation of serum IgA rheumatoid factor levels with disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27: 252-256.
Kallemuchikkal U, Gorevic PD. Evaluation of cryoglobulins. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1999; 123: 119-125.
Waaler E. On the occurrence of a factor in human serum activating the specific agglutintion of sheep blood corpuscles. 1939. APMIS 2007; 115: 422-438; discussion 439.
Rose HM, Ragan C, et al. Differential agglutination of normal and sensitized sheep erythrocytes by sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1948; 68: 1-6.
Nikolaisen C, Rekvig OP, Nossent HC. Rheumatoid factor by laser nephelometry and Waaler-Rose assay: prognostic value in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2005; 34: 269-276.
Wolfe F, Cathey MA, Roberts FK. The latex test revisited. Rheumatoid factor testing in 8,287 rheumatic disease patients. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 951-960.
Shmerling RH. Diagnostic tests for rheumatic disease: clinical utility revisited. South Med J 2005; 98: 704-711; quiz 712-703, 728.
Nienhuis RL, Mandema E. A New Serum Factor in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis; the Antiperinuclear Factor. Ann Rheum Dis 1964; 23: 302-305.
Hoet RM, Boerbooms AM, Arends M, Ruiter DJ, van Venrooij WJ. Antiperinuclear factor, a marker autoantibody for rheumatoid arthritis: colocalisation of the perinuclear factor and profilaggrin. Ann Rheum Dis 1991; 50: 611-618.
Young BJ, Mallya RK, Leslie RD, Clark CJ, Hamblin TJ. Anti-keratin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Br Med J 1979; 2: 97-99.
Hoet RM, van Venrooij WJ. The Antiperinuclear Factor (APF) and Antikeratin Antibodies (AKA) in Rheumatoid Arthritis. In: Smolen S, Kalden JR, Maini RN, eds. Rheumatoid arthritis: recent research advances. Berlin, Alemania: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1992: 299-318.
Sebbag M, Simon M, Vincent C, Masson- Bessiere C, Girbal E, Durieux JJ, et al. The antiperinuclear factor and the so-called antikeratin antibodies are the same rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2672-2679.
Schellekens GA, de Jong BA, van den Hoogen FH, van de Putte LB, van Venrooij WJ. Citrulline is an essential constituent of antigenic determinants recognized by rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 273-281.
Girbal-Neuhauser E, Durieux JJ, Arnaud M, Dalbon P, Sebbag M, Vincent C, et al. The epitopes targeted by the rheumatoid arthritis- associated antifilaggrin autoantibodies are posttranslationally generated on various sites of (pro)filaggrin by deimination of arginine residues. J Immunol 1999; 162: 585-594.
Vincent C, Simon M, Sebbag M, Girbal- Neuhauser E, Durieux JJ, Cantagrel A, et al. Immunoblotting detection of autoantibodies to human epidermis filaggrin: a new diagnostic test for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 838-846.
Palosuo T, Lukka M, Alenius H, Kalkkinen N, Aho K, Kurki P, et al. Purification of filaggrin from human epidermis and measurement of antifilaggrin autoantibodies in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998; 115: 294-302.
Paimela L, Palosuo T, Aho K, Lukka M, Kurki P, Leirisalo-Repo M, et al. Association of autoantibodies to filaggrin with an active disease in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60: 32-35.
Nogueira L, Sebbag M, Vincent C, Arnaud M, Fournie B, Cantagrel A, et al. Performance of two ELISAs for antifilaggrin autoantibodies, using either affinity purified or deiminated recombinant human filaggrin, in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60: 882-887.
Vincent C, Nogueira L, Sebbag M, Chapuy- Regaud S, Arnaud M, Letourneur O, et al. Detection of antibodies to deiminated recombinant rat filaggrin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a highly effective test for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 2051-2058.
Dubucquoi S, Solau-Gervais E, Lefranc D, Marguerie L, Sibilia J, Goetz J, et al. Evaluation of anti-citrullinated filaggrin antibodies as hallmarks for the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 415-419.
Lee DM, Schur PH. Clinical utility of the anti- CCP assay in patients with rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 870-874.
Schellekens GA, Visser H, de Jong BA, van den Hoogen FH, Hazes JM, Breedveld FC, et al. The diagnostic properties of rheumatoid arthritis antibodies recognizing a cyclic citrullinated peptide. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 155-163.
Gonzalez C, Garcia-Berrocal B, Talavan T, Casas ML, Navajo JA, Gonzalez-Buitrago JM. Clinical evaluation of a microsphere bead-based flow cytometry assay for the simultaneous determination of anti-thyroid peroxidase and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. Clin Biochem 2005; 38: 966-972.
van Venrooij WJ, Hazes JM, Visser H. Anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibody and its role in the diagnosis and prognosis of early rheumatoid arthritis. Neth J Med 2002; 60: 383-388.
Kitahara K, Takagi K, Kusunoki Y, Nishio S, Nozaki T, Inomata H, et al. Clinical value of second- and third-generation assays of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 1059-1060.
Coenen D, Verschueren P, Westhovens R, Bossuyt X. Technical and diagnostic performance of 6 assays for the measurement of citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chem 2007; 53: 498-504.
Quinn MA, Gough AK, Green MJ, Devlin J, Hensor EM, Greenstein A, et al. Anti-CCP antibodies measured at disease onset help identify seronegative rheumatoid arthritis and predict radiological and functional outcome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45: 478-480.
Bang H, Egerer K, Gauliard A, Luthke K, Rudolph PE, Fredenhagen G, et al. Mutation and citrullination modifies vimentin to a novel autoantigen for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 2503-2511.
Soos L, Szekanecz Z, Szabo Z, Fekete A, Zeher M, Horvath IF, et al. Clinical evaluation of anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin by ELISA in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2007; 34: 1658-1663.
Lutteri L, Malaise M, Chapelle JP. Comparison of second- and third-generation anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies assays for detecting rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 386: 76-81.
van Jaarsveld CH, ter Borg EJ, Jacobs JW, Schellekens GA, Gmelig-Meyling FH, van Booma-Frankfort C, et al. The prognostic value of the antiperinuclear factor, anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor in early rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999; 17: 689-697.
Kroot EJ, de Jong BA, van Leeuwen MA, Swinkels H, van den Hoogen FH, van’t Hof M, et al. The prognostic value of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 1831-1835.
Visser H, le Cessie S, Vos K, Breedveld FC, Hazes JM. How to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis early: a prediction model for persistent (erosive) arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 357-365.
Aggarwal R, Liao K, Nair R, Ringold S, Costenbader KH. Anti-citrullinated peptide antibody assays and their role in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 61: 1472-1483.
Hargraves M, Richmond H, Morton R. Presentation of two bone marrow components, the tart cell and the LE cell. Mayo Clin Proc 1948; 27: 25-28.
Kavanaugh AF, Solomon DH. Guidelines for immunologic laboratory testing in the rheumatic diseases: anti-DNA antibody tests. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 47: 546-555.
Pisetsky DS. The Immunopathogenesis and Immunopathology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In: Schur PH, Massarotti EM, eds. Lupus Erythematosus: Clinical Evaluation and Treatment. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: Springer Science+Business Media 2012: 13-26.
Yazici Y. Role of laboratory tests in rheumatic disorders. In: Hochberg MC, Silman AJ, Smolen JS, Weinblatt ME, Weisman MH, eds. Rheumatology (ed 5a). Filadelfia, Estados Unidos: Mosby Elsevier; 2011: 259–265.
Coons AH, Kaplan MH. Localization of antigen in tissue cells; improvements in a method for the detection of antigen by means of fluorescent antibody. J Exp Med 1950; 91: 1-13.
Friou CJ. Clinical application of lupus serum nucleoprotein reaction using fluorescent anti body technique. J Clin Invest 1957; 36: 890-897.
Cook L. New methods for detection of anti- nuclear antibodies. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 88: 211-220.
Kumar Y, Bhatia A, Minz RW. Antinuclear antibodies and their detection methods in diagnosis of connective tissue diseases: a journey revisited. Diagn Pathol 2009; 4: 1.
Keech CL, McCluskey J, Gordon TP. Transfection and overexpression of the human 60-kDa Ro/SS-A autoantigen in HEp-2 cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 73: 146- 151.
Tan EM, Feltkamp TE, Smolen JS, Butcher B, Dawkins R, Fritzler MJ, et al. Range of antinuclear antibodies in “healthy” individuals. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 1601-1611.
Agmon-Levin N, Damoiseaux J, Kallenberg C, Sack U, Witte T, Herold M, et al. International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 73: 17-23.
Sheldon J. Laboratory testing in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2004; 18: 249-269.
Molina JF. El laboratorio en las enfermedades reumáticas autoinmunes. Medicina & Laboratorio 2007; 13: 11-33.
Hiemann R, Buttner T, Krieger T, Roggenbuck D, Sack U, Conrad K. Challenges of automated screening and differentiation of non-organ specific autoantibodies on HEp-2 cells. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9: 17-22.
Jaskowski TD, Schroder C, Martins TB, Mouritsen CL, Litwin CM, Hill HR. Screening for antinuclear antibodies by enzyme immunoassay. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 105: 468- 473.
Swaak T, Smeenk R. Detection of anti-dsDNA as a diagnostic tool: a prospective study in 441 non-systemic lupus erythematosus patients with anti-dsDNA antibody (anti-dsDNA). Ann Rheum Dis 1985; 44: 245-251.
Aarden LA, de Groot ER, Feltkamp TE. Immunology of DNA. III. Crithidia luciliae, a simple substrate for the determination of anti- dsDNA with the immunofluorescence technique. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 254: 505-515.
Slater NG, Cameron JS, Lessof MH. The Crithidia luciliae kinetoplast immunofluorescence test in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 1976; 25: 480-486.
Orton SM, Peace-Brewer A, Schmitz JL, Freeman K, Miller WC, Folds JD. Practical evaluation of methods for detection and specificity of autoantibodies to extractable nuclear antigens. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2004; 11: 297-301.
Migliorini P, Baldini C, Rocchi V, Bombardieri S. Anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies. Autoimmunity 2005; 38: 47-54.
Schulte-Pelkum J, Fritzler M, Mahler M. Latest update on the Ro/SS-A autoantibody system. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8: 632-637.
Catoggio LJ, Bernstein RM, Black CM, Hughes GR, Maddison PJ. Serological markers in progressive systemic sclerosis: clinical correlations. Ann Rheum Dis 1983; 42: 23-27.
Simon JA, Cabiedes J, Ortiz E, Alcocer-Varela J, Sanchez-Guerrero J. Anti-nucleosome antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus of recent onset. Potential utility as a diagnostic tool and disease activity marker. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 220-224.
Horak P, Hermanova Z, Zadrazil J, Ciferska H, Ordeltova M, Kusa L, et al. C1q complement component and -antibodies reflect SLE activity and kidney involvement. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 25: 532-536.
Targoff IN. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: autoantibody update. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002; 4: 434-441.
Cohen Tervaert JW, Damoiseaux J. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies: how are they detected and what is their use for diagnosis, classification and follow-up? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 43: 211-219.
Savige J, Gillis D, Benson E, Davies D, Esnault V, Falk RJ, et al. International Consensus Statement on Testing and Reporting of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA). Am J Clin Pathol 1999; 111: 507-513.
Radice A, Sinico RA. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Autoimmunity 2005; 38: 93-103.
Goldschmeding R, van der Schoot CE, ten Bokkel Huinink D, Hack CE, van den Ende ME, Kallenberg CG, et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis autoantibodies identify a novel diisopropylfluorophosphate- binding protein in the lysosomes of normal human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1577-1587.
Zhao MH, Jones SJ, Lockwood CM. Bactericidal/ permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is an important antigen for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) in vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 99: 49-56.
Segelmark M, Baslund B, Wieslander J. Some patients with anti-myeloperoxidase autoantibodies have a C-ANCA pattern. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 96: 458-465.
Falk RJ, Jennette JC. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies with specificity for myeloperoxidase in patients with systemic vasculitis and idiopathic necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1651-1657.
Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Nusbaum P, Noel LH, Reumaux D, Erlinger S, Grunfeld JP, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) directed against cathepsin G in ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 90: 79-84.
Coremans IE, Hagen EC, Daha MR, van der Woude FJ, van der Voort EA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C, et al. Antilactoferrin antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are associated with vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 1466-1475.
Schmitt WH, Csernok E, Flesch BK, Hauschild S, Gross WL. Autoantibodies directed against lysozyme: a new target antigen for anti- neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 336: 267-272.
Zhao MH, Lockwood CM. Azurocidin is a novel antigen for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) in systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 103: 397-402.
Van der Woude FJ, Rasmussen N, Lobatto S, Wiik A, Permin H, Van Es LA, et al. Autoantibodies to neutrophils and monocytes: A new tool for diagnosis and a marker of disease activity in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Lancet 1985; 2: 425-429.
Hagen EC, Daha MR, Hermans J, Andrassy K, Csernok E, Gaskin G, et al. Diagnostic value of standardized assays for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in idiopathic systemic vasculitis. EC/BCR Project for ANCA Assay Standardization. Kidney Int 1998; 53: 743-753.
Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Maggiore U, Bottero P, Radice A, Tosoni C, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 2926-2935.
Pradhan VD, Badakere SS, Ghosh K, Almeida A. ANCA: serology in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Indian J Med Sci 2005; 59: 292-300.
Lurati-Ruiz F, Spertini F. Predictive value of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in small-vessel vasculitis. J Rheumatol 2005; 32: 2167-2172.
Finkielman JD, Lee AS, Hummel AM, Viss MA, Jacob GL, Homburger HA, et al. ANCA are detectable in nearly all patients with active severe Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Med 2007; 120: 643 e649-614.
Cisternas M, Soto L, Jacobelli S, Marinovic MA, Vargas A, Sobarzo E, et al. Manifestaciones clínicas de la granulomatosis de Wegener y la poliangeítis microscópica en Santiago-Chile, 1990-2001. Rev Med Chile 2005; 133 (3): 273-278.
Seibold F, Weber P, Klein R, Berg PA, Wiedmann KH. Clinical significance of antibodies against neutrophils in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 1992; 33: 657-662.
Saxon A, Shanahan F, Landers C, Ganz T, Targan S. A distinct subset of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 86: 202-210.
Vidrich A, Lee J, James E, Cobb L, Targan S. Segregation of pANCA antigenic recognition by DNase treatment of neutrophils: ulcerative colitis, type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Immunol 1995; 15: 293-299.
Gunton JE, Stiel J, Clifton-Bligh P, Wilmshurst E, McElduff A. Prevalence of positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) in patients receiving anti-thyroid medication. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 142: 587.
Afeltra A, Paggi A, De Rosa FG, Manfredini P, Addessi MA, Amoroso A. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in autoimmune thyroid disorders. Endocr Res 1998; 24: 185-194.
Cil T, Altintas A, Isikdogan A, Batun S. Prevalence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity in patients with Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a single center experience. Int J Hematol 2009; 90: 52-57.
Hamidou MA, Derenne S, Audrain MA, Berthelot JM, Boumalassa A, Grolleau JY. Prevalence of rheumatic manifestations and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in haematological malignancies. A prospective study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39: 417-420.
Galeazzi M, Morozzi G, Sebastiani GD, Bellisai F, Marcolongo R, Cervera R, et al. Anti- neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in 566 European patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence, clinical associations and correlation with other autoantibodies. European Concerted Action on the Immunogenetics of SLE. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16: 541-546.
Brimnes J, Halberg P, Jacobsen S, Wiik A, Heegaard NH. Specificities of anti-neutrophil autoantibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 110: 250-256.
Coremans IE, Hagen EC, van der Voort EA, van der Woude FJ, Daha MR, Breedveld FC. Autoantibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic enzymes in Felty’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1993; 11: 255-262.
Juby A, Johnston C, Davis P, Russell AS. Antinuclear and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in the sera of patients with Felty’s syndrome. Br J Rheumatol 1992; 31: 185-188.
Savige JA, Gallicchio MC, Stockman A, Cunningham TJ, Rowley MJ, Georgiou T, et al. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 86: 92-98.
Nassberger L, Sjoholm AG, Jonsson H, Sturfelt G, Akesson A. Autoantibodies against neutrophil cytoplasm components in systemic lupus erythematosus and in hydralazine- induced lupus. Clin Exp Immunol 1990; 81: 380-383.
Wiik A. Granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies. Possible significance for the pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Allergy 1980; 35: 263-289.
Subra JF, Michelet C, Laporte J, Carrere F, Reboul P, Cartier F, et al. The presence of cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (C-ANCA) in the course of subacute bacterial endocarditis with glomerular involvement, coincidence or association? Clin Nephrol 1998; 49: 15-18.
Zhao MH, Jayne DR, Ardiles LG, Culley F, Hodson ME, Lockwood CM. Autoantibodies against bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in patients with cystic fibrosis. QJM 1996; 89: 259-265.
Gallicchio MC, Savige JA. Detection of anti- myeloperoxidase and anti-elastase antibodies in vasculitides and infections. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 84: 232-237.
Carter MR, Amirhaeri S. p-ANCA-Associated Vasculitis Caused by Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine: A Case Report. Case Rep Emerg Med 2013; 2013: 878903.
Arora NP, Jain T, Bhanot R, Natesan SK. Levamisole-induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis and neutropenia in a patient with cocaine use: an extensive case with necrosis of skin, soft tissue, and cartilage. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2012; 7: 19.
Graf J, Lynch K, Yeh CL, Tarter L, Richman N, Nguyen T, et al. Purpura, cutaneous necrosis, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63: 3998-4001.
Neynaber S, Mistry-Burchardi N, Rust C, Samtleben W, Burgdorf WH, Seitz MA, et al. PR3-ANCA-positive necrotizing multi-organ vasculitis following cocaine abuse. Acta Derm Venereol 2008; 88: 594-596.
Beauvillain C, Delneste Y, Renier G, Jeannin P, Subra JF, Chevailler A. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies: how should the biologist manage them? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 35: 47-58.