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Anales de Otorrinolaringología Mexicana

2017, Número 3

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Otorrinolaringología 2017; 62 (3)


Factores clínicos e histológicos que repercuten en el pronóstico de los pacientes con cáncer de la cavidad oral

Gallegos-Hernández JF

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 50
Paginas: 197-208
Archivo PDF: 351.44 Kb.


RESUMEN

El tumor maligno más frecuente de la cavidad oral es el carcinoma epidermoide, el sitio anatómico más afectado es la lengua. El cáncer oral ocupa el sexto lugar de todas las neoplasias, su prevalencia se ha incrementado en el mundo y la distribución epidemiológica tiende al cambio (con incremento importante en mujeres menores de 40 años de edad). Los factores de riesgo son el consumo de tabaco, de alcohol y la asociación de ambos, recientemente el virus del papiloma humano se relacionó como agente etiológico y como marcador de pronóstico. La supervivencia depende de factores de pronóstico, variables que inciden en la evolución que son determinantes del tipo de tratamiento a seguir, éstos pueden ser del propio paciente o del tumor. No existe un solo factor determinante, la conjunción de varios permite identificar el riesgo de muerte por la neoplasia. Los factores relacionados con el paciente son: edad, estado socio-económico, sitio de origen del tumor, la cantidad de tabaco y alcohol consumido y el género. Los asociados con el tumor son: etapa (TNM), espesor tumoral, oncotipo (variedad histológica), márgenes de resección, características ultra-estructurales y moleculares de la neoplasia (mutación p53, expresión de EGFR y la infección del virus del papiloma humano). El pilar fundamental del tratamiento es la cirugía, que permite identificar tres grupos de riesgo; intermedio, alto y muy alto; de ello depende la terapia coadyuvante a seguir.


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