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Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.

2016, Número 5

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Rev Mex Neuroci 2016; 17 (5)


Sistemas biológicos involucrados en el trastorno de estrés post traumático

Dzib-Goodin A, Jiménez EK, Estévez R, Sanders L

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 62
Paginas: 83-97
Archivo PDF: 273.59 Kb.


RESUMEN

El estrés es un estado fisiológico que prepara a los organismos para responder de manera defensiva, necesario para proceso cognitivos como el aprendizaje y la memoria; sin embargo, ante eventos extremos, el mismo proceso lleva a la formación de recuerdos traumáticos que son perjudiciales para el organismo y conducen a trastornos psiquiátricos. Tal es el caso del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), que puede inducir a una disfunción social profunda resultado de las respuestas al miedo que imitan la exposición al trauma original. Las personas con TEPT pueden experimentar dificultades para dormir, se asustan fácilmente y tienen problemas en la concentración y la memoria, lo cual comienza a manifestarse después de que la persona ha experimentado un evento traumático como la tortura, una violación, el secuestro, un asalto a mano armada, la muerte violenta de un familiar, o el embate de desastres naturales como inundaciones o terremotos, concomitante con factores a largo plazo como la violencia familiar, escolar, o situaciones de pobreza extrema, que se manifiesta en una desregulación del eje Hipotalámico- Hipofisiario-Adrenal (HHA) y su interacción con glucocorticoides. Ante ello, este artículo analiza los sistemas biológicos tanto a nivel molecular, endocrinológico neuronal, genético y epigenético, capaces de dar inicio al TEPT, en busca de biomarcadores que permitan la prevención del trastorno. Sin embargo, los mecanismos no son claros, pues se encuentran personas expuestas al trauma que no generan el trastorno, por lo que se desconoce si la regulación epigenética explica la actividad del eje, pues existen diferencias individuales en el número GR y el mecanismo por el cual los recursos genéticos influyen en el riesgo de trastorno. Surge de ello la epigenética intergeneracional, que analiza la sensibilización de la respuesta fisiológica al estrés en la descendencia de individuos altamente traumatizados debido a la activación inmune por la actividad materna.


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