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Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.

2005, Número 4

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Rev Mex Neuroci 2005; 6 (4)


Estructura y función de los receptores acetilcolina de tipo muscarínico y nicotínico

Flores SME, Segura TJE

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 60
Paginas: 315-326
Archivo PDF: 426.95 Kb.


RESUMEN

La acetilcolina (AC) fue el primer neurotransmisor caracterizado tanto en el sistema nervioso periférico (SNP) como en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) de los mamíferos, el cual participa en la regulación de diversas funciones como fenómenos de activación cortical, el paso de sueño a vigilia y procesos de memoria y asociación. La AC se sintetiza a partir de la colina y del acetil CoA, en una reacción catalizada por la colina acetiltranferasa (CAT) y existen mecanismos que regulan de manera precisa su síntesis y liberación. Las técnicas de clonación molecular han permitido la identificación de dos tipos de receptores: ionotrópicos (nicotínicos) y metabotrópicos (muscarínicos) todos ellos acoplados a proteínas G. Los receptores M1, M2 y M3 están acoplados a la activación de proteínas Gs, con la consecuente producción del segundo mensajero AMPc. Los receptores M2 y M4 inhiben la formación de AMPc, activan canales de K+ y reducen la entrada de iones de Ca++ a través de canales dependientes del voltaje, efectos mediados por proteínas G (Gai y Gao). Los receptores de acetilcolina se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos en diversas áreas del SNC y en el SNP, en donde cada uno de ellos presenta un patrón de expresión temporal y espacial particular, los cuales pueden sobreponerse durante el desarrollo y son responsables de las diversas acciones fisiológicas de la acetilcolina. El estudio de los sistemas y receptores colinérgicos del SNC ha generado gran interés, debido a que diversas alteraciones en la transmisión colinérgica han sido relacionadas, directa o indirectamente, con trastornos severos como la enfermedad de Alzheimer y la de Parkinson.


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