Carrillo-Esper R, Galván-Talamantes Y, Carrillo-Córdova CA, Guido-Guerra RE

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 54
Paginas: 129-136
Archivo PDF: 223.98 Kb.

RESUMEN

La sepsis es un síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica asociado con una infección, afecta a millones de pacientes a nivel mundial; su fisiopatología es compleja y aún no está totalmente comprendida. Actualmente se sabe que los anestésicos ejercen diversos efectos inmunológicos y cardiovasculares, su trascendencia aún no está claramente definida en términos de morbilidad y mortalidad a largo plazo en el paciente séptico. Es necesario conocer estos efectos y administrar los fármacos de manera juiciosa para conservar la estabilidad hemodinámica, que es pieza fundamental para sostener las funciones vitales mientras el organismo alcanza una eventual recuperación. Hace falta realizar estudios adecuadamente diseñados que traduzcan los hallazgos moleculares en recomendaciones clínicas.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. Rittirsch D, Flierl MA, Ward PA. Harmful molecular mechanisms in sepsis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:776-787.

2. Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;12:862-874.

3. White M, Mahon V, Grealy R, Doherty DG, Stordeur P, Kelleher DP, et al. Post-operative infection and sepsis in humans is associated with deficient gene expression of γc cytokines and their apoptosis mediators. Crit Care. 2011;15:R158. doi: 10.1186/cc10293.

4. Niederbichler AD, Hoesel LM, Westfall MV, Gao H, Ipaktchi KR, Sun L, et al. An essential role for complement C5a in the pathogenesis of septic cardiac dysfunction. J Exp Med. 2006;1:53-61.

5. Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2062-2063. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1312359.

6. Yoon SH. Concerns of the anesthesiologist: anesthetic induction in severe sepsis or septic shock patients. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2012;63:3-10.

7. Helmy SA, Al-Attiyah RJ. The immunomodulatory effects of prolonged intravenous infusion of propofol versus midazolam in critically ill surgical patients. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:4-8.

8. Inada T, Yamanouchi Y, Jomura S, Sakamoto S, Takahashi M, Kambara T, et al. Effect of propofol and isoflurane anaesthesia on the immune response to surgery. Anaesthesia. 2004;10:954-959.

9. Mahmoud K, Ammar A. Immunomodulatory effects of anesthetics during thoracic surgery. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2011;2011:317410. doi: 10.1155/2011/317410.

10. Basu S, Mutschler DK, Larsson AO, Kiiski R, Nordgren A, Eriksson MB. Propofol (Diprivan-EDTA) counteracts oxidative injury and deterioration of the arterial oxygen tension during experimental septic shock. Resuscitation. 2001;50:341-348.

11. Reich DL, Hossain S, Krol M, Baez B, Patel P, Bernstein A, et al. Predictors of hypotension after induction of general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:622-628.

12. Ingrande J, Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ. Lean body weight scalar for the anesthetic induction dose of propofol in morbidly obese subjects. Anesth Analg. 2011;113:57-62.

13. Ostermann ME, Keenan SP, Seiferling RA, Sibbald WJ. Sedation in the intensive care unit: a systematic review. JAMA. 2000;283:1451-1459.

14. Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, Moreno R, Singer M, Freivogel K, et al. Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:111-124.

15. Pejo E, Feng Y, Chao W, Cotten JF, Le Ge R, Raines DE. Differential effects of etomidate and its pyrrole analogue carboetomidate on the adrenocortical and cytokine responses to endotoxemia. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:187-192.

16. Jabre P, Combes X, Lapostolle F, Dhaouadi M, Ricard-Hibon A, Vivien B, et al. Etomidate versus ketamine for rapid sequence intubation in acutely ill patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:293-300.

17. Chan CM, Mitchell AL, Shorr AF. Etomidate is associated with mortality and adrenal insufficiency in sepsis: a meta-analysis*. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:2945-2953.

18. Gu WJ, Wang F, Tang L, Liu JC. Single-dose etomidate does not increase mortality in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Chest. 2015;147:335-346. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-1012.

19. Arbous MS, Grobbee DE, van Kleef JW, de Lange JJ, Spoormans HH, Touw P, et al. Mortality associated with anaesthesia: a qualitative analysis to identify risk factors. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:1141-1153.

20. Bergen JM, Smith DC. A review of etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 1997;15:221-230.

21. Taniguchi T, Shibata K, Yamamoto K. Ketamine inhibits endotoxin-induced shock in rats. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:928-932.

22. Takahashi T, Kinoshita M, Shono S, Habu Y, Ogura T, Seki S, et al. The effect of ketamine anesthesia on the immune function of mice with postoperative septicemia. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:1051-1058.

23. Roytblat L, Talmor D, Rachinsky M, Greemberg L, Pekar A, Appelbaum A, et al. Ketamine attenuates the interleukin-6 response after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:266-271.

24. Welters ID, Feurer MK, Preiss V, Müller M, Scholz S, Kwapisz M, et al. Continuous S-(+)-ketamine administration during elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokine response during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106:172-179.

25. Dale O, Somogyi AA, Li Y, Sullivan T, Shavit Y. Does intraoperative ketamine attenuate inflammatory reactivity following surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2012;115:934-943.

26. Hofer JE, Nunnally ME. Taking the septic patient to the operating room. Anesthesiol Clin. 2010;28:13-24.

27. Kim SN, Son SC, Lee SM, Kim CS, Yoo DG, Lee SK, et al. Midazolam inhibits proinflammatory mediators in the lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:105-110.

28. Babcock GF, Hernandez L, Yadav E, Schwemberger S, Dugan A. The burn wound inflammatory response is influenced by midazolam. Inflammation. 2012;35:259-270.

29. Miyawaki T, Kohjitani A, Maeda S, Higuchi H, Arai Y, Tomoyasu Y, et al. Combination of midazolam and a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012;34:79-83.

30. Xia WF, Liu Y, Zhou QS, Tang QZ, Zou HD. Comparison of the effects of propofol and midazolam on inflammation and oxidase stress in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery. Yonsei Med J. 2011;52:326-332.

31. Samuelson PN, Reves JG, Kouchoukos NT, Smith LR, Dole KM. Hemodynamic responses to anesthetic induction with midazolam or diazepam in patients with ischemic heart disease. Anesth Analg. 1981;60:802-809.

32. Penna GL, Fialho FM, Kurtz P, Japiassú AM, Kalichsztein M, Nobre G, et al. Changing sedative infusion from propofol to midazolam improves sublingual microcirculatory perfusion in patients with septic shock. J Crit Care. 2013;28:825-831.

33. Pichot C, Géloën A, Ghignone M, Quintin L. Alpha-2 agonists to reduce vasopressor requirements in septic shock? Med Hypotheses. 2010;75:652-656.

34. Pandharipande PP, Sanders RD, Girard TD, McGrane S, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, et al. Effect of dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on outcome in patients with sepsis: an a priori-designed analysis of the MENDS randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2010;14:R38.

35. Taniguchi T, Kurita A, Kobayashi K, Yamamoto K, Inaba H. Dose-and time-related effects of dexmedetomidine on mortality and inflammatory responses to endotoxin-induced shock in rats. J Anesth. 2008;22:221-228.

36. Kawasaki T, Kawasaki C, Ueki M, Hamada K, Habe K, Sata T. Dexmedetomidine suppresses proinflammatory mediator production in human whole blood in vitro. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74:1370-1375.

37. Pichot C, Géloën A, Ghignone M, Quintin L. Alpha-2 agonists to reduce vasopressor requirements in septic shock? Med Hypotheses. 2010;75:652-656.

38. Parlow JL, Sagnard P, Begou G, Viale JP, Quintin L. The effects of clonidine on sensitivity to phenylephrine and nitroprusside in patients with essential hypertension recovering from surgery. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:1239-1243.

39. De Kock M, Laterre PF, van Obbergh L, Carlier M, Lerut J. The effects of intraoperative intravenous clonidine on fluid requirements, hemodynamic variables, and support during liver transplantation: a prospective, randomized study. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:468-476.

40. Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Herr DL, Maze M, Girard TD, Miller RR, et al. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298:2644-2653.

41. Turnbull RG, Talbot JA, Hamilton SM. Hemodynamic changes and gut barrier function in sequential hemorrhagic and endotoxic shock. J Trauma. 1995;38:705-712.

42. Boost KA, Hofstetter C, Flondor M, Betz C, Homann M, Pfeilschifter J, et al. Desflurane differentially affects the release of proinflammatory cytokines in plasma and bronchoalveolar fluid of endotoxemic rats. Int J Mol Med. 2006;17:1139-1144.

43. Vasilev D, Santak B, Vogt J, Karadimov D, Rademacher P. Hemodynamic changes and nitric oxide production in an experimental model of sepsis. Khirurgiia (Sofiia). 1998;51:25-29.

44. Gillman MA. Safety of nitrous oxide in association with sepsis. S Afr Med J. 1991;79:346.

45. Colasanti M, Suzuki H. The dual personality of NO. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000;21:249-252.

46. MacMicking J, Xie QW, Nathan C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu Rev Immunol. 1997;15:323-350.

47. Assreuy J. Nitric oxide and cardiovascular dysfunction in sepsis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2006;6:165-173.

48. Kleinert H, Pautz A, Linker K, Schwarz PM. Regulation of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;500:255-266.

49. Liu R, Ishibe Y, Ueda M. Isoflurane-sevoflurane adminstration before ischemia attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury in isolated rat lungs. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:833-840.

50. Zhong C, Zhou Y, Liu H. Nuclear factor kappaB and anesthetic preconditioning during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:540-546.

51. Zheng S, Zuo Z. Isoflurane preconditioning reduces purkinje cell death in an in vitro model of rat cerebellar ischemia. Neuroscience. 2003;118:99-106.

52. Okamoto H, Roman RJ, Kampine JP, Hudetz AG. Endotoxin augments cerebral hyperemic response to halothane by inducing nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:896-903.

53. Reutershan J, Chang D, Hayes JK, Ley K. Protective effects of isoflurane pretreatment in endotoxin-induced lung injury. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:511-517.

54. Herrmann IK, Castellon M, Schwartz DE, Hasler M, Urner M, Hu G, et al. Volatile anesthetics improve survival after cecal ligation and puncture. Anesthesiology. 2013;119:901-906.