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2014, Número 1

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Biotecnol Apl 2014; 31 (1)


Potencialidades de la cepa SR/B-16 de Bacillus subtilis para el control de enfermedades causadas por hongos en cultivos de interés agrícola

Orberá TM, Serrat MJ, Ortega E

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 53
Paginas: 7-12
Archivo PDF: 307.24 Kb.


RESUMEN

El impacto negativo de los hongos y oomycetes fitopatógenos es una amenaza importante para la seguridad alimentaria en varios países. El control de tales microrganismos se dificulta por su mutabilidad genotípica y espaciotemporal y su capacidad adaptativa, que les permite desarrollar variedades resistentes a plaguicidas. Las estrategias en ese sentido incluyen el control biológico con el empleo de microrganismos enemigos naturales, como las rizobacterias de los géneros Bacillus y Pseudomonas. La especie Bacillus subtilis se puede utilizar a través de la producción extracelular de antibióticos, lipopéptidos antimicrobianos y enzimas hidrolíticas, como las quitinasas y las proteasas. En este artículo se describen las potencialidades de la cepa autóctona Bacillus subtilis SR/B-16, aislada a partir de rizosfera de cultivos fertilizados con substrato orgánico, para el control de hongos fitopatógenos en cultivos de importancia económica. La interacción in vitro de la cepa SR/B-16 con estos microrganismos ha evidenciado su actividad antifúngica de amplio espectro, que se expresó mediante la excreción de metabolitos causantes de alteraciones en la estructura y la ultraestructura fúngica. La bacteria SR/B-16 posee propiedades que le permiten colonizar la rizosfera, por lo que se puede utilizar como bioplaguicida y también como biofertilizante. Este microrganismo puede contribuir al crecimiento de las plantas, por el aumento de la disponibilidad de nitrógeno y fósforo en los suelos agrícolas y el control de enfermedades fúngicas.


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