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2014, Número 1

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Rev Hematol Mex 2014; 15 (1)


Propiedades inmunomoduladoras de las células madre de la membrana amniótica. Nuevas perspectivas

Insausti CL, Rodríguez M, Castellanos G, Moraleda JM

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 55
Paginas: 11-20
Archivo PDF: 368.50 Kb.


RESUMEN

Las células epiteliales y mesenquimales aisladas de la membrana amniótica poseen características de células madre, potencial de diferenciación hacia líneas de las diferentes capas germinales y propiedades inmunomoduladoras. Al seguir las primeras aproximaciones con el uso de células madre para la regeneración tisular, las células de la membrana amniótica comenzaron a utilizarse en ensayos preclínicos en modelos animales de diversas enfermedades con resultados prometedores. No obstante, al igual que lo observado con células mesenquimales de otras fuentes, la mayor parte de las veces, el efecto benéfico no podía atribuirse a la plasticidad celular, porque el número de células que se injerta es escaso. En los últimos años, diferentes observaciones experimentales sugieren que las células madre derivadas de la membrana amniótica actúan benéficamente por sus efectos inmunomoduladores e inmunorreguladores. Los mecanismos implicados se han investigado extensamente en ensayos in vitro y en modelos animales de enfermedades inflamatorias. Hasta ahora se han implicado al menos tres mecanismos: a) las células madre de la membrana amniótica son hipoinmunogénicas, b) modulan los fenotipos de las células T y c) inmunosuprimen el ambiente local mediante la secreción de factores como IL-10, TGF-β1, HGF, IDO y PGE2. En esta revisión describimos brevemente las características generales de las células madre de la membrana amniótica, analizamos algunas de las evidencias de estudios in vitro que fundamentan su propiedades inmunosupresoras y presentamos los resultados de algunos ensayos en modelos animales de enfermedades inflamatorias que apoyan el uso potencial de estas células en el tratamiento de estas enfermedades.


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