Idioma: Español
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RESUMEN
Objetivo: Describir los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de dehiscencia anastomótica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía intestinal en una población mexicana, con énfasis en el estado nutricional del paciente.
Sede: Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Secretaría de Salud.
Diseño: Estudio clínico, ambispectivo, ambilectivo de casos y controles.
Análisis estadístico: Análisis univariado con χ
2, regresión logística binomial simple y regresión logística multivariada.
Pacientes y métodos: Se analizaron 144 pacientes sometidos a 214 resecciones y/o derivaciones intestinales con anastomosis. Se consideraron distintos factores clínicos, demográficos y de laboratorio asociados a dehiscencia de anastomosis. Los principales factores de riesgo considerados fueron: número de anastomosis, tipo de anastomosis, IMC, antecedente de cáncer, creatinina, tabaquismo, tipo de cirugía, nivel de hemoglobina, cuenta de leucocitos y linfocitos, tiempos de coagulación, biometría hemática, género, hipotensión intraoperatoria, diabetes mellitus, enfermedad cardiovascular, puntuación de ASA, hiperbilirrubinemia, BUN y sangrado quirúrgico. Se valoró la asociación de estas variables a la dehiscencia anastomótica y a la mortalidad de la población.
Resultados: Se analizaron 144 pacientes sometidos a 214 anastomosis. En el análisis univariado, las variables que mostraron significancia estadística para dehiscencia fueron edad (p ‹ 0.001), sangrado (p = 0.01) y la necesidad de transfusiones (p = 0.03). La presencia de hipoalbuminemia o un IMC ‹ 15 no fueron significativos tanto en el análisis univariado como en el multivariado. El sangrado quirúrgico y la necesidad de transfusiones mostraron ser los predictores más significativos de desarrollo de dehiscencia anastomótica en el análisis multivariado (p ‹ 0.01).
Conclusiones: La presencia de hipoalbuminemia y un bajo índice de masa corporal no aumenta el riesgo de dehiscencia anastomótica en la población de estudio. Los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la fuga anastomótica son el sangrado transoperatorio y la administración de hemoderivados en el perioperatorio.
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