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2013, Número 4

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Salud Mental 2013; 36 (4)


Interacción estrógenos-noradrenalina en la depresión

Vega-Rivera NM, López-Rubalcava C, Paez-Martínez N, Castro M, Estrada-Camarena EM

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 61
Paginas: 331-336
Archivo PDF: 209.49 Kb.


RESUMEN

La depresión se define como un trastorno del estado de ánimo caracterizado por un estado de tristeza profunda y una pérdida de interés o placer. Este trastorno psiquiátrico afecta al 12% de la población mundial, siendo las mujeres quienes más la padecen. La depresión es una patología compleja, en la que se ha observado que el sistema noradrenérgico cumple un papel importante. Así, una disminución en el tono noradrenérgico, los cambios en la síntesis y el metabolismo de la noradrenalina (NA), así como en la modulación de sus receptores, pueden conducir a un estado depresivo. Por otro lado, los estrógenos son un grupo de hormonas gonadales con diversas funciones fisiológicas, incluidas las que se relacionan con los estados afectivos. Diversos estudios clínicos sugieren que las fluctuaciones hormonales, como la etapa premenstrual, el puerperio y la perimenopausia, se asocian con un aumento en la vulnerabilidad a presentar depresión y se ha demostrado que los estrógenos presentan efectos antidepresivos en diversos modelos conductuales. En estudios electrofisiológicos y de unión de ligando se reporta que los estrógenos son capaces de modular la transmisión noradrenérgica a través de diferentes mecanismos, los cuales incluyen un aumento en la frecuencia de disparo de las neuronas noradrenérgicas, la regulación de la densidad de los receptores noradrenérgicos, así como en los procesos de síntesis y metabolismo de este neurotransmisor. Además, diversos estudios conductuales han aportado información que apoya la participación de los estrógenos en la modulación del sistema noradrenérgico e incluso se ha propuesto que a través de esta vía podrían inducir sus efectos antidepresivos. De esta forma, el propósito de esta revisión es analizar, a nivel clínico y preclínico, la participación de la noradrenalina y de los estrógenos, y la relación entre ambos en el tratamiento de la depresión.


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