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2012, Número 5

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Salud Mental 2012; 35 (5)


Contaminantes ambientales neurotóxicos cercanos a nuestra vida diaria

León-Olea M, Sánchez-Islas E, Mucio-Ramírez S, Miller-Pérez C, Garduño-Gutiérrez R

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 98
Paginas: 395-403
Archivo PDF: 493.90 Kb.


RESUMEN

Las sustancias químicas son importantes en nuestra calidad de vida; éstas están presentes en artículos domésticos y de consumo humano. Algunas son nocivas para la salud y el medio ambiente, como los contaminantes organohalogenados, los bifenilos policlorinados (PCB) y los éteres difenílicos polibrominados (PBDE). Existe evidencia de su neurotoxicidad en las ratas y los humanos sobre todo cuando la exposición es durante el desarrollo. Nuestro grupo se ha interesado en estudiar la neurotoxicicidad de los PCB y PBDE sobre la regulación del equilibrio hidroelectrolítico, el aprendizaje y la memoria, en colaboración con la doctora Currás-Collazo. En este artículo presentamos los hallazgos principales de estos estudios.
Expusimos a ratas gestantes a estos organohalogenados y las crías se estudiaron a los tres meses de edad; se sometieron al modelo de estrés osmótico o a la prueba de aprendizaje y memoria (evitación pasiva). Los cerebros se procesaron para inmunofluorescencia para VP, nNOS, PACAP o histoquímica de la NADPH-d, Western-blot para nNOS y las proteínas presinápticas sinapsina I y sinaptofisina. Nuestros resultados mostraron en las ratas tratadas con los PCB y PBDE sometidas a estrés osmótico alteraciones en el contenido de VP, PACAP y NOS y un incremento en la presión sistólica y la osmolaridad plasmática al compararla con controles, sugiriendo que los PBDE alteran la función cardiovascular y osmorregulatoria. La prueba de aprendizaje mostró una disminución significativa de la adquisición y/o consolidación del aprendizaje y memoria en las ratas macho tratadas y alteraciones en la actividad de la NOS, la expresión de la nNOS y las sinapsina y sinaptofisina, lo que sugiere que la exposición perinatal a los PCB altera el aprendizaje y la memoria.
Debido a la neurotoxicidad de los organohalogenados y a que estamos expuestos a ellos en nuestra vida diaria existe una gran preocupación por la falta de una legislación adecuada en México y programas de monitoreo para evaluar el grado de contaminación en la población mexicana especialmente en los infantes, así como las regiones más afectadas por dicha contaminación.


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