2012, Número 1
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Salud Mental 2012; 35 (1)
Depresión y consumo de alcohol y tabaco en estudiantes de bachillerato y licenciatura
González-González A, Juárez GF, Solís TC, González-Forteza C, Jiménez TA, Medina-Mora ME, Fernández-Varela MH
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 82
Paginas: 51-55
Archivo PDF: 104.33 Kb.
RESUMEN
La depresión es un malestar emocional que trastoca la esfera
psicoafectiva y se asocia con distintas conductas de riesgo como el
consumo de alcohol y de tabaco, particularmente en la población joven.
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias que existen
respecto a la depresión en cuatro grupos de adolescentes (1. consumidores
de alcohol, 2. consumidores de tabaco, 3. no consumidores de
alcohol ni de tabaco y 4. consumidores de alcohol y tabaco) estudiantes
de Bachillerato o Licenciatura. Se realizó un censo con 116 214
estudiantes, con un promedio de edad, en nivel medio superior, de 15
años y de 19 años en nivel superior. El consumo elevado fue más frecuente
en los hombres de ambos niveles educativos. Se hizo un análisis
de varianza (ANOVA) factorial para determinar las diferencias en
la sintomatología depresiva entre aquéllos que presentaban consumo
elevado de alcohol (cuatro o más copas por ocasión) y de tabaco (cuatro
o más cigarrillos al día) por nivel educativo y sexo. Se encontró
sintomatología depresiva más elevada en los estudiantes de nivel superior
(M=9.7), en contraste con los jóvenes de medio superior (M=9.5)
(p<0.05). Al comparar la sintomatología depresiva entre los grupos
de consumo, los resultados indicaron mayores puntajes en el grupo de
consumidores de alcohol y tabaco (M=11.3), seguidos de usuarios
excesivos de tabaco solamente (M=10.7) y de alcohol solamente
(M=10.5). Las mujeres de ambos niveles educativos presentaron una
mayor sintomatología depresiva (M=10.3), seguidas de los hombres
de nivel superior (M=9) y los hombres de nivel medio superior (M=8.8).
Los resultados favorecen el desarrollo de acciones de detección e intervención
temprana y el monitoreo de esta población.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Benjet C, Borges G, Medina-Mora ME, Fleiz C et al. La depresión con inicio temprano: Prevalencia, curso natural y latencia para buscar tratamiento. Salud Publica Mex 2004;46(5):417-423.
Medina-Mora ME, Borges G, Lara C, Benjet C et al. Prevalencia de trastornos mentales y uso de servicios: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Epidemiología Psiquiátrica en México. Salud Mental 2003;26(4):1-16.
Kitzrow M. The mental health needs of today’s college students: Challenges and recommendations. National Association Student Personnel Administrators 2003;41:167–181.
Angst J, Angst F, Stassen H. Suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(2):57–62.
Hickie I. Choosing antidepressant drugs in general practice. Aust Fam Physician 2001;30:663–667.
Marmorstein N, Iacono W. Major depression and conduct disorder in youth: Associations with parental psychopathology and parent–child conflict. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004;45:377–386.
Renouf A, Kovacs M, Mukerji P. Relationship of depressive, conduct, and comorbid disorders and social functioning in childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:998–1004.
Furr S, Westefeld J, McConnell G, Jenkins J. Suicide and depression among college students: A decade later. Professional Psychology: Research Practice 2001;32:7–100.
Wong J, Cheung E, Chan K, Ma K et al. Web-based survey of depression, anxiety and stress in first-year tertiary education students in Hong Kong. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006;40:777–782.
Hamdan-Mansour A, Marmash R. Health concerns and risk behaviors among university students in Jordan. Jordan Medical J 2007;41:80–90.
Grunbaum J, Kann L, Kinchen S, Ross J et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 2003, Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance Summaries 2004;53:1–96.
Kosterman R, Hawkins J, Guo J, Catalano R et al. The dynamics of alcohol and marijuana initiation: Patterns and predictors of first use in adolescence. Am J Public Health 2000;90:360-366.
Herrera-Vázquez M, Wagner F, Velasco-Mondragón E, Borges G et al. Inicio en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco y transición a otras drogas en estudiantes de Morelos, México. Salud Publica Mex 2004;46:132-140.
Breslau N, Peterson E, Schultz L, Chilcoat H et al. Major depression and stages of smoking: a longitudinal investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:161–166.
Goodman E, Capitman J. Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics 2000;106:748–755.
Wu L, Anthony J. Tobacco smoking and depressed mood in late childhood and early adolescence. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1837–1840.
Breslau N, Novak S, Kessler RC. Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55(1):69–76.
Breslau N, Peterson E, Schultz L, Chilcoat H et al. Major depression and stages of smoking. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:161-166.
Escobedo L, Reddy M, Giovino G. The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in U.S. adolescents. Addiction 1998;93(3):433–440.
Fergusson DM, Goodwin RD, Horwood LJ. Major depression and cigarette smoking: Results of a 21-year longitudinal study. Psychol Medicine 2003;33:1357–1367.
Wiesbeck GA, Wodarz N, Weijers H-G, Dürsteler-MacFarland KM et al. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase a gene is associated with the cigarette smoking quantity in alcohol- dependent heavy smokers. Neuropsychobiology 2006;53:181–185.
Balfour D, Ridley D. The effects of nicotine on neural pathways implicated in depression: A factor in nicotine addiction? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000;66:79–85.
Markou A, Kosten T, Koob G. Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: A self-medication hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998;18:135-174.
Balfour D, Ridley D. The effects of nicotine on neural pathways implicated in depression: A factor in nicotine addiction? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000;66:79-85.
Alati A, Lawlor D, Najman J, Williams GM et al. Is there really a ‘Jshaped’ curve in the association between alcohol consumption and symptoms of depression and anxiety? Findings from the Mater-University Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes. Addiction 2005;100:643–651.
France C, Lee C, Powers J. Correlates of depressive symptoms in a representative sample of young Australian women. Australian Psychologist 2004;39:228–237.
Jane-Llopis E, Matytsina I. Mental health and alcohol, drugs, and tobacco: A review of the comorbidity between mental disorders and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Review 2006;25:515–536.
Rodgers B, Korten AE, Jorm AF, Christensen H et al. Risk factors for depression and anxiety in abstainers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers. Addiction 2000;95:1883–1845.
Graham K, Massak A, Demers A, Rehm J. Does the association between alcohol consumption and depression depend on 1242 smoking, depression, and alcohol consumption how they are measured? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:78–88.
Adlaf EM, Begin P, Sawka E. Canadian Addiction Survey (CAS): A national survey of Canadians’ use of alcohol and other drugs: Prevalence of use and related harms: Detailed report. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse; 2005.
Dixit AR, Crum RM. Prospective study of depression and the risk of heavy alcohol use in women. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:751–758.
Wang J, Patten SB. Alcohol consumption and major depression: Findings from a follow-up study. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:632–638.
Steuber TL, Danner F. Adolescent smoking and depression: which comes first? Addict Behav 2005;31:133–136.
Wang Y, Browne DC, Storr CL, Wagner FA. Gender and the tobaccodepression relationship: A sample of African American college students at a historically black college or university (HBCU). Addict Behav 2005;30:1437–1441.
Bazargan-Hejazi S, Alvarez G, Teklehaimanot S, Nikakhtar N et al. Prevalence of depression symptoms among adolescents aged 12-17 years in California and the role of overweight as a risk factor. Ethn Dis 2010; 20(1):107-115.
Covey L. Comments on history of depression and smoking cessation outcomes: a meta-analysis. Nicotine Tobacco Research 2004;6:743–745.
Amar AF, Gennaro S. Dating violence in college women: Associated physical injury, healthcare usage, and mental health symptoms. Nurs Res 2005;54:235–242.
Kuehner C. Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;108:163–174.
Alansari BM. Gender differences in depression among undergraduates from seventeen Islamic countries. Social Behavioral and Personality: An International J 2006;34:729–738.
González-Forteza C, Solís C, Jiménez A, Hernández I et al. Confiabilidad y validez de la escala de depresión CES-D en un censo de estudiantes de nivel medio superior y superior, en la Ciudad de México. Salud Mental 2011;34(1):53-59.
Radloff L. The CES-D Scale: A self-report Depression Scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1(3):385-401.
Benjet C, Borges G, Medina-Mora ME, Fleiz C et al. La depresión con inicio temprano: Prevalencia, curso natural y latencia para buscar tratamiento. Salud Publica Mex 2004;46(5):417-423.
Medina-Mora ME, Borges G, Lara C, Benjet C et al. Prevalencia de trastornos mentales y uso de servicios: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Epidemiología Psiquiátrica en México. Salud Mental 2003;26(4):1-16.
Kitzrow M. The mental health needs of today’s college students: Challenges and recommendations. National Association Student Personnel Administrators 2003;41:167–181.
Angst J, Angst F, Stassen H. Suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(2):57–62.
Hickie I. Choosing antidepressant drugs in general practice. Aust Fam Physician 2001;30:663–667.
Marmorstein N, Iacono W. Major depression and conduct disorder in youth: Associations with parental psychopathology and parent–child conflict. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004;45:377–386.
Renouf A, Kovacs M, Mukerji P. Relationship of depressive, conduct, and comorbid disorders and social functioning in childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:998–1004.
Furr S, Westefeld J, McConnell G, Jenkins J. Suicide and depression among college students: A decade later. Professional Psychology: Research Practice 2001;32:7–100.
Wong J, Cheung E, Chan K, Ma K et al. Web-based survey of depression, anxiety and stress in first-year tertiary education students in Hong Kong. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006;40:777–782.
Hamdan-Mansour A, Marmash R. Health concerns and risk behaviors among university students in Jordan. Jordan Medical J 2007;41:80–90.
Grunbaum J, Kann L, Kinchen S, Ross J et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 2003, Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance Summaries 2004;53:1–96.
Kosterman R, Hawkins J, Guo J, Catalano R et al. The dynamics of alcohol and marijuana initiation: Patterns and predictors of first use in adolescence. Am J Public Health 2000;90:360-366.
Herrera-Vázquez M, Wagner F, Velasco-Mondragón E, Borges G et al. Inicio en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco y transición a otras drogas en estudiantes de Morelos, México. Salud Publica Mex 2004;46:132-140.
Breslau N, Peterson E, Schultz L, Chilcoat H et al. Major depression and stages of smoking: a longitudinal investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:161–166.
Goodman E, Capitman J. Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics 2000;106:748–755.
Wu L, Anthony J. Tobacco smoking and depressed mood in late childhood and early adolescence. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1837–1840.
Breslau N, Novak S, Kessler RC. Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55(1):69–76.
Breslau N, Peterson E, Schultz L, Chilcoat H et al. Major depression and stages of smoking. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:161-166.
Escobedo L, Reddy M, Giovino G. The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in U.S. adolescents. Addiction 1998;93(3):433–440.
Fergusson DM, Goodwin RD, Horwood LJ. Major depression and cigarette smoking: Results of a 21-year longitudinal study. Psychol Medicine 2003;33:1357–1367.
Wiesbeck GA, Wodarz N, Weijers H-G, Dürsteler-MacFarland KM et al. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase a gene is associated with the cigarette smoking quantity in alcohol- dependent heavy smokers. Neuropsychobiology 2006;53:181–185.
Balfour D, Ridley D. The effects of nicotine on neural pathways implicated in depression: A factor in nicotine addiction? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000;66:79–85.
Markou A, Kosten T, Koob G. Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: A self-medication hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998;18:135-174.
Balfour D, Ridley D. The effects of nicotine on neural pathways implicated in depression: A factor in nicotine addiction? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000;66:79-85.
Alati A, Lawlor D, Najman J, Williams GM et al. Is there really a ‘Jshaped’ curve in the association between alcohol consumption and symptoms of depression and anxiety? Findings from the Mater-University Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes. Addiction 2005;100:643–651.
France C, Lee C, Powers J. Correlates of depressive symptoms in a representative sample of young Australian women. Australian Psychologist 2004;39:228–237.
Jane-Llopis E, Matytsina I. Mental health and alcohol, drugs, and tobacco: A review of the comorbidity between mental disorders and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Review 2006;25:515–536.
Rodgers B, Korten AE, Jorm AF, Christensen H et al. Risk factors for depression and anxiety in abstainers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers. Addiction 2000;95:1883–1845.
Graham K, Massak A, Demers A, Rehm J. Does the association between alcohol consumption and depression depend on 1242 smoking, depression, and alcohol consumption how they are measured? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:78–88.
Adlaf EM, Begin P, Sawka E. Canadian Addiction Survey (CAS): A national survey of Canadians’ use of alcohol and other drugs: Prevalence of use and related harms: Detailed report. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse; 2005.
Dixit AR, Crum RM. Prospective study of depression and the risk of heavy alcohol use in women. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:751–758.
Wang J, Patten SB. Alcohol consumption and major depression: Findings from a follow-up study. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:632–638.
Steuber TL, Danner F. Adolescent smoking and depression: which comes first? Addict Behav 2005;31:133–136.
Wang Y, Browne DC, Storr CL, Wagner FA. Gender and the tobaccodepression relationship: A sample of African American college students at a historically black college or university (HBCU). Addict Behav 2005;30:1437–1441.
Bazargan-Hejazi S, Alvarez G, Teklehaimanot S, Nikakhtar N et al. Prevalence of depression symptoms among adolescents aged 12-17 years in California and the role of overweight as a risk factor. Ethn Dis 2010; 20(1):107-115.
Covey L. Comments on history of depression and smoking cessation outcomes: a meta-analysis. Nicotine Tobacco Research 2004;6:743–745.
Amar AF, Gennaro S. Dating violence in college women: Associated physical injury, healthcare usage, and mental health symptoms. Nurs Res 2005;54:235–242.
Kuehner C. Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;108:163–174.
Alansari BM. Gender differences in depression among undergraduates from seventeen Islamic countries. Social Behavioral and Personality: An International J 2006;34:729–738.
González-Forteza C, Solís C, Jiménez A, Hernández I et al. Confiabilidad y validez de la escala de depresión CES-D en un censo de estudiantes de nivel medio superior y superior, en la Ciudad de México. Salud Mental 2011;34(1):53-59.
Radloff L. The CES-D Scale: A self-report Depression Scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1(3):385-401.
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