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Medicina & Laboratorio

2010, Número 11-12

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Medicina & Laboratorio 2010; 16 (11-12)


Nuevas perspectivas en diagnóstico prenatal

Tangarife CV, Castro ÁJF, Maldonado EJG

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 53
Paginas: 561-570
Archivo PDF: 987.77 Kb.


RESUMEN

Las anormalidades fetales afectan alrededor del 1% de los recién nacidos en todo el mundo y están asociadas con cerca del 20% de la mortalidad infantil durante el primer año de vida. El diagnóstico prenatal permite la detección temprana tanto de enfermedades del feto como de la madre, con el fin de brindar una mejor manera de afrontar la situación o iniciar medidas terapéuticas durante el embarazo o después del nacimiento, incluso en algunos países se permite cuestionar la continuación del embarazo. Este diagnóstico se realiza mediante análisis citológicos y genéticos con métodos invasivos y no invasivos. Los métodos invasivos, que incluyen amniocentesis, cordocentesis y biopsia de vellosidades coriónicas, permiten extraer el material para el análisis, pero generan en la madre ruptura de membranas, propiciando complicaciones como hemorragias, infecciones y abortos. Frente a esto, se ha venido proponiendo el uso de métodos no invasivos, entre ellos el estudio de células fetales como linfocitos, eritroblastos y trofoblastos, y ácidos nucleicos fetales (ADN y ARNm) que circulan en la sangre periférica de la madre, con el fin de evitar lesiones del feto o de la madre. En el presente artículo se pretende realizar una revisión de los métodos de diagnóstico prenatal, su aplicación y su desarrollo potencial.


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