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2004, Número 2

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Cir Cir 2004; 72 (2)


El calcio, átomo detonante de la vida y la función celular

Mansilla-Olivares A

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 135
Paginas: 139-151
Archivo PDF: 342.89 Kb.


RESUMEN

No obstante que durante más de tres décadas se ha señalado que los sistemas de fosforilación y defosforilación son los mecanismos que utilizan las células vivientes para regular los procesos biológicos, parece evidente que la dinámica del calcio en la célula es el fenómeno que precede y controla la activación proteica al alterar la conformación de estas moléculas mediante la introducción de grupos fosfato. El proceso se inicia cuando túbulos especializados en la superficie de la membrana permiten el influjo de este ion, el que una vez en su interior forma el complejo calcio-calmodulina, molécula determinante en la activación de distintos sistemas de proteincinasas. La célula en estas condiciones, además de alterar su polaridad, facilita la neuroconducción y la liberación de sustancias como hormonas y parahormonas, promueve los mecanismos de comunicación intra e intercelular e influye en su expresión fenotípica, al activar genes de respuesta inmediata y mediata. El calcio en su forma iónica controla mecanismos de facilitación a corto y largo plazo, interviniendo en procesos tan complejos como la integración de la memoria a través de los fenómenos de depresión homosináptica y de facilitación heterosináptica; dispara los fenómenos de autofosforilación de algunos sistemas enzimáticos, promoviendo y potenciando la actividad celular; incluso interviene en la regulación de mecanismos tan delicados como la transducción y decodificación de la señal. Las características y rango de influjo de este ion están involucrados también en la actividad de un cierto grupo de fosfatasas capaces de contrarrestar, y de esta manera regular, el fenómeno de autofosforilación. Interviene en la activación cruzada de las proteincinasas A y G, regulando la producción de óxido nítrico a nivel endotelial sistémico y dentro del sistema nervioso central. En un futuro la intervención farmacológica que se logre ejercer sobre los flujos iónicos del calcio, será determinante en la prevención y control de un sinnúmero de eventos fisiopatológicos.


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