medigraphic.com

2009, Número 3

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Vet Mex 2009; 40 (3)


Mannheimiosis bovina: etiología, prevención y control

Jaramillo-Arango CJ, Trigo TFJ, Suárez-Güemes F

Idioma: Español/Inglés
Referencias bibliográficas: 129
Paginas: 293-314
Archivo PDF: 325.28 Kb.


RESUMEN

Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh) es la bacteria más patógena y más comúnmente asociada con la pasteurelosis neumónica (mannheimiosis) bovina, la enfermedad económicamente más importante en bovinos productores de carne, y la segunda, después de las enfermedades grastrointestinales, en becerras lecheras, principalmente menores de un año. Es un habitante normal y un importante agente oportunista de la nasofaringe de bovinos; la inmunosupresión por estrés o la infección por virus respiratorios o por Mycoplasma spp, propician su establecimiento y multiplicación en el tejido pulmonar. El A1 y el A6 son los serotipos más frecuentes en lesiones neumónicas, y el A1 y A2 en nasofaringe de bovinos sanos. Entre los factores de virulencia de Mh, la leucotoxina es el más importante, cuyo efecto tóxico primario es en contra de los leucocitos, particularmente de rumiantes. Para comprender mejor la epidemiología y la importancia de las especies de Mh, se requieren nuevos criterios para su identificación, que incluyan técnicas moleculares y procedimientos más sensibles de aislamiento e identificación bioquímica e inmunológica. La eficacia de los antim icrobianos, como profilácticos o terapéuticos, ha sido muy variable debido a inconsistencias en el diagnóstico y al incremento en la frecuencia de cepas multirresitentes. Existe una amplia gama de bacterinas empleadas durante décadas; sin embargo, la eficacia de muchas de ellas ha sido cuestionada, pues sólo protegen parcialmente, incluso algunas pueden incrementar la morbilidad. Recientemente se han desarrollado vacunas con sobrenadante de cultivo que contienen leucotoxina y otros antígenos solubles, o extractos bacterianos solos o combinados con bacterinas, con resultados muy satisfactorios. La prevención y el control eficaz de la mannheimiosis bovina deben sustentarse en un diagnóstico confiable, vacunas y medidas terapéuticas eficaces, y buenas prácticas de manejo. .


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  4. 1.LEKEU P. Bovine respiratory disease complex. Ann Med Vet 1996; 140: 101-105.

  5. 2.ZECCHINON L, FETT T, DESMECHT D. How Mannheimia haemolytica defeats host defense through a kiss of death mechanism. Vet Res 2005; 36:133-156.

  6. 3.TRIGO T. El complejo respiratorio infeccioso de los bovinos y ovinos. Cien Vet 1987; 4:1-36.

  7. 4.MURPHY GL, ROBINSON LC, BURROWS GE. Restriction endonuclease analysis and ribotyping differentiate Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 isolates from cattle within a feedlot. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2303-2308.

  8. 5.PIJOAN P, AGUILAR R, MORALES A. Caracterización de los procesos neumónicos en becerros lecheros de la región de Tijuana, Baja California. Vet Méx 1999;30:149-155.

  9. 6.LO RY. Genetic analysis of virulence factors of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica A1. Vet Microbiol 2001; 83:23-35.

  10. 7.KATSUDA K, KAMIYAMA M, KOHMOTO M, KAWASHIMA K, TSUNEMITSU H, EGUCHI M. Serotyping of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates from bovine pneumonia: 1987-2006. Vet J 2007; 178:146-148.

  11. 8.BURROWS LL, OLAH-WINFIELD E, LO RY. Molecular analysis of the leukotoxin determinants from Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes 1 to 16. Infect Immun 1993; 61:5001-5007.

  12. 9.HIGHLANDER SK. Molecular genetic analysis of virulence in Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica. Front Biosci 2001; 6:1128-1150.

  13. 10.NARAYANAN S, NAGARAJA T, CHENGAPPA M, STEWART G. Leukotoxins of gram-negative bacteria. Vet Microbiol 2002; 84:337-356.

  14. 11.TRIGO F. Patogénesis y aspectos inmunológicos de la pasteurelosis pulmonar bovina. Vet Méx 1991; 22:131-134.

  15. 12.JAWORSKI MD, HUNTER DL, WARD AC. Biovariants of isolates of Pasteurella from domestic and wild ruminants. J Vet Diagn Invest 1998; 10:49-55.

  16. 13.CARTER GR. Pasteurellosis: Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica. Adv Vet Sci 1967; 11:321-379.

  17. 14.FEDOROVA ND, HIGHLANDER SK. Generation of targeted nonpolar gene insertions and operon fusions in Pasteurella haemolytica and creation of a strain that produces and secretes inactive leukotoxin. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2593-2598.

  18. 15.ANGEN O, MUTTERS R, CAUGANT DA, OLSEN JE, BISGAARD M. Taxonomic relationships of the [Pasteurella ] haemolytica complex as evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridizations and 16S rRNA sequencing with proposal of Mannheimia haemolytica gen. nov., comb. nov., Mannheimia granulomatis comb. nov., Mannheimia glucosida sp, nov., Mannheimia ruminalis sp, nov. and Mannheimia varigena sp, nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1999; 49 :67-86.

  19. 16.BIBERSTEIN E. Biotyping and serotyping of Pasteurella haemolytica In: BAN JR, editor. Methods in Microbiology. NewYork: Academic Press Inc, 1978; 253-269.

  20. 17.FRASER J, LAIRD S, GILMOUR N. A new serotype (biotype T) of Pasteurella haemolytica. Res Vet Sci 1982; 32:127-128.

  21. 18.BOYCE J, LO R, WILKIE I, ADLER B. Pasteurella and Mannheimia. In: GILES CL, PRESCOTT JF, SONGER JG, THOEN CO, editors. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infectious in Animals. Carlton, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2004; 273-294.

  22. 19.BIBERSTEIN EL, GILLS M, KNIGHT H. Serological types of Pasteurella hemolytica. Cornell Vet 1960; 50:283-300.

  23. 20.BIBERSTEIN EL, GILLS MG. The relation of the antigenic types to the A and T types of Pasteurella haemolytica. J Comp Pathol 1962; 72:316-320.

  24. 21.FODOR L, VARGA J. Characterization of a new serotype of P. haemolytica isolated in Hungary. Res Vet Sci 1988; 44:399.

  25. 22.SNEATH PH, STEVENS M. Actinobacillus rossii sp, nov., Actinobacillus seminis sp. nov., nom. rev., Pasteurella bettii sp. nov., Pasteurella lymphangitidis sp. nov., Pasteurella mairi sp. nov., and Pasteurella trehalosi sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1990; 40:148-153.

  26. 23.YOUNAN M, FODOR L. Characterization of a new Pasteurella haemolytica serotype (A17). Res Vet Sci 1995;58:98.

  27. 24.BLACKALL P, BOJESEN A, CHRISTENSEN H, BISGAARD M. Reclassification of [Pasteurella] trehalosi as Bibersteinia trehalosi gen. nov., comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57:666-674.

  28. 25.ANGEN O, QUIRIE M, DONACHIE W, BISGAARD M. Investigations on the species specificity of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica serotyping. Vet Microbiol 1999;65:283-290.

  29. 26.WRAY B, THOMPSON D. Serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from calves. Br Vet J 1971; 127:lxvi-lxvii.

  30. 27.FRANK G, SMITH P. Prevalence of Pasteurella haemolytica in transported calves. Am J Vet Res 1983; 44:981-985.

  31. 28.COLÍN F, JARAMILLO L, AGUILAR F, TRIGO F, MERINO M. Serotipos de Pasteurella haemolytica en pulmones neumónicos de ovinos en México. Rev Lati-Am Microbiol 1987; 29:231-234.

  32. 29.PANDHER K, MURPHY GL, CONFER AW. Identification of immunogenic, surface-exposed outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1. Vet Microbiol 1999; 65:215-226.

  33. 30.AL-GHAMDI GM, AMES TR, BAKER JC, WALKER R, CHASE CC, FRANK GH et al. Serotyping of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica isolates from the upper Midwest United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:576-578.

  34. 31.EWERS C, LUBKE-BECKER A, WIELER LH. Mannheimia haemolytica and the pathogenesis of enzootic bronchopneumonia. Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr 2004; 117:97-115.

  35. 32.JARAMILLO-ARANGO C, HERNANDEZ-CASTRO R, SUAREZ-GUEMES F, MARTINEZ-MAYA J, AGUILARROMERO F, JARAMILLO-MEZA L et al. Prevalence of Mannheimia haemolytica isolated from bovine nasal exudates and associated factors, in dairy farms in the North-Central of Mexico. J Anim Vet Adv 2007; 6:404-409.

  36. 33.JARAMILLO-ARANGO C, HERNANDEZ-CASTRO R, SUAREZ-GUEMES F, MARTINEZ-MAYA J, AGUILARROMERO F, JARAMILLO-MEZA L et al. Characterization of Mannheimia spp. strains isolated from bovine nasal exudates and factors associated to isolates, in dairy farms in the Central Valley of Mexico. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:7-13.

  37. 34.BLANCO-VIERA F, TRIGO F, JARAMILLO-MEZA L, AGUILAR-ROMERO F. Serotypes of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from pneumonic lesions in cattle and sheep from Mexico. Rev Lat-Am Microbiol 1995; 37:121-126.

  38. 35.VILLARD L, GAUTHIER D, LACHERETZ A, ABADIE G, GAME Y, MAURIN F et al. Serological and molecular comparison of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella trehalosi strains isolated from wild and domestic ruminants in the French Alps. Vet J 2006; 171:545-550.

  39. 36.QUIRIE M, DONACHIE W, GILMOUR N. Serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica from cattle. Vet Rec 1986; 119:93- 94.

  40. 37.ARGUETA G, MERCADO P, TRIGO T. Frecuencia de Pasteurella haemolytica en la cavidad nasal de corderos y ovinos adultos. Vet Méx 1988; 19:93-97.

  41. 38.FRANK G. Serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica in sheep in the Midwestern United States. American J Vet Res 1982; 43:2035-2037.

  42. 39.ANGEN O, AHRENS P, BISGAARD M. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica-like strains isolated from diseased animals in Denmark. Vet Microbiol 2002; 84:103-114.

  43. 40.SISAY T, ZERIHUN A. Diversity of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella trehalosi serotypes from apparently healthy sheep and abattoir specimens in the highlands of Wollo, North East Ethiopia. Vet Res Commun 2003;27:3-14.

  44. 41.KIRKAN S, KAYA O. Serotyping of Mannheimia haemolytica strains in pneumonic lungs of sheep in the Aydin Region of Turkey. Turk Vet Anim Sci 2005: 29:491-494.

  45. 42.JARAMILLO-ARANGO C, HERNANDEZ-CASTRO R, CAMPUZANO-OCAMPO V, SUAREZ-GUEMES F, DELGADO-GONZALEZ R, TRIGO F. Characterization of Mannheimia sp. and P. multocida strains isolated from bovine pneumonic lungs in two slauhgterhouses in Mexico. J Anim Vet Adv 2007; 6:1398-1404.

  46. 43.FRANK G. Serological groups among untypable bovine isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica. J Clin Microbiol 1980; 12:579-582.

  47. 44.GENTRY M, CONFER A, HOLLAND S. Comparison of the toxic and antigenic properties of single bovine isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica representing five serotypes and an untypable strain. Vet Microbiol 1988; 16:351-367.

  48. 45.HIGHLANDER SK, FEDOROVA ND, DUSEK DM, PANCIERA R, ALVAREZ LE, RINEHART C. Inactivation of Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica leukotoxin causes partial attenuation of virulence in a calf challenge model. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3916-3922.

  49. 46.MARCIEL AM, HIGHLANDER SK. Use of operon fusions in Mannheimia haemolytica to identify environmental and cis-acting regulators of leukotoxin transcription. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6231-6239.

  50. 47.JEYASEELAN S, SREEVATSAN S, MAHESWARAN SK. Role of Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Anim Health Res Rev 2002; 3:69-82.

  51. 48.LEITE F, O'BRIEN S, SYLTE MJ, PAGE T, ATAPATTU D, CZUPRYNSKI CJ. Inflammatory cytokines enhance the interaction of Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin with bovine peripheral blood neutrophils in vitro. Infect Immun 2002; 70:4336-4343.

  52. 49.GIOIA J, QIN X, JIANG H, CLINKENBEARD K, LO R, LIU Y et al. The genome sequence of Mannheimia haemolytica A1: insights into virulence, natural competence, and Pasteurellaceae phylogeny. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:7257- 7266.

  53. 50.DESHPANDE MS, AMBAGALA TC, AMBAGALA AP, KEHRLI ME JR., SRIKUMARAN S. Bovine CD18 is necessary and sufficient to mediate Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin-induced cytolysis. Infect Immun 2002; 70:5058-5064.

  54. 51.SLEIM R. Review: Major pathogenic components of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica isolated from animal origin. El Cairo, Egypt: Bacteriology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, 2005.

  55. 52.HSUAN SL, KANNAN MS, JEYASEELAN S, PRAKASH YS, SIECK GC, MAHESWARAN SK. Pasteurella haemolytica A1-derived leukotoxin and endotoxin induce intracellular calcium elevation in bovine alveolar macrophages by different signaling pathways. Infect Immun 1998;66:2836-2844.

  56. 53.WANG Z, CLARKE C, CLINKENBEARD K. Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin-induced increase in phospholipase A2 activity in bovine neutrophils. Infect Immun 1998; 66:1885-1890.

  57. 54.BERGGREN K, BALUYUT C, SIMONSON R, BEMRICK W, MAHESWARAN S. Cytotoxic effects of Pasteurrella haemolytica on bovine neutrophils. Am J Vet Res 1981; 42:1383-1388.

  58. 55.SHEWEN PE, WILKIE BN. Evidence for the Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin as a product of actively growing bacteria. Am J Vet Res 1985; 46:1212-1214.

  59. 56.GENTRY MJ, CONFER AW, WEINBERG ED, HOMER JT. Cytotoxin (leukotoxin) production by Pasteurella haemolytica: requirement for an iron-containing compound. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47:1919-1923.

  60. 57.LI J, CLINKENBEARD KD, RITCHEY JW. Bovine CD18 identified as a species specific receptor for Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin. Vet Microbiol 1999; 67:91-97.

  61. 58.JEYASEELAN S, KANNAN MS, BRIGGS RE, THUMBIKAT P, MAHESWARAN SK. Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin activates a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase signaling cascade in bovine leukocytes, which induces biological effects. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6131-6139.

  62. 59.JEYASEELAN S, KANNAN MS, HSUAN SL, SINGH AK, WALSETH TF, MAHESWARAN SK. Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica leukotoxin-induced cytolysis of bovine leukocytes: role of arachidonic acid and its regulation. Microb Pathog 2001;3 0:59-69.

  63. 60.SQUIRE P, SMILEY D, CROSKELL R. Identification and extraction of Pasteurella haemolytica membrane proteins. Infect Immun 1984; 45:667-673.

  64. 61.PANDHER K, MURPHY GL. Genetic and immunological analyses of a 38 kDa surface-exposed lipoprotein of Pasteurella haemolytica A1. Vet Microbiol 1996; 51:331- 341.

  65. 62.PURDY CW, STRAUS DC, STRUCK D, FOSTER GS. Efficacy of Pasteurella haemolytica subunit antigens in a goat model of pasteurellosis. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54:1637-1647.

  66. 63.MORTON RJ, PANCIERA RJ, FULTON RW, FRANK GH, EWING SA, HOMER JT et al. Vaccination of cattle with outer membrane protein-enriched fractions of Pasteurella haemolytica and resistance against experimental challenge exposure. Am J Vet Res 1995; 56:875-879.

  67. 64.KIMURA A, GULIG PA, MCCRACKEN GH JR., LOFTUS TA, HANSEN EJ. A minor high-molecularweight outer membrane protein of Haemophilus influenzae type b is a protective antigen. Infect Immun 1985; 47:253-259.

  68. 65.IOVANE G, GALDIERO M, VITIELLO M, DE MARTINO L. Effect of Pasteurella haemolytica outer membrane proteins on bovine neutrophils. FEMS Immun Med Microbiol 1998; 20:29-36.

  69. 66.MCBRIDE JW, WOZNIAK EJ, BREWER AW, NAYDAN DK, OSBURN BI. Evidence of Pasteurella haemolytica linked immune complex disease in natural and experimental models. Microb Pathog 1999; 26:183-193.

  70. 67.SRINAND S, AMES T, MAHESWARAN S, KING V. Efficacy of various vaccines against pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle: a meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 1995; 25:7-17.

  71. 68.SABRI MY, ZAMRI-SAAD M, MUTALIB AR, ISRAF DA, MUNIANDY N. Efficacy of an outer membrane protein of Pasteurella haemolytica A2, A7 or A9-enriched vaccine against intratracheal challenge exposure in sheep. Vet Microbiol 2000; 73:13-23.

  72. 69.PANDHER K, CONFER AW, MURPHY GL. Genetic and immunologic analyses of PlpE, a lipoprotein important in complement-mediated killing of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5613-5619.

  73. 70.CONFER A, AYALEW S, PANCIERA R, MONTELONGO M, WHITWORTH L, HAMMER J. Immunogenicity of recombinant Mannheimia haemolytica serotype 1 outer membrane protein PlpE and augmentation of a commercial vaccine. Vaccine 2003; 21:2821–2829.

  74. 71.AYALEW S, CONFER A, BLACKWOOD E. Characteri- zation of immunodominant and potentially protective epitopes of Mannheimia haemolytica serotype 1 outer membrane lipoprotein PlpE. Infect Immun 2004; 72:7265–7274.

  75. 72.ABDULLAH KM, UDOH EA, SHEWEN PE, MELLORS A. A neutral glycoprotease of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 specifically cleaves O-sialoglycoproteins. Infect Immun 1992; 60:56-62.

  76. 73.LEE CW, LO RY, SHEWEN PE, MELLORS A. The detection of the sialoglycoprotease gene and assay for sialoglycoprotease activity among isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 strains, serotypes A13, A14, T15 and A16. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994; 121:199-205.

  77. 74.LEE CW, SHEWEN PE. Evidence of bovine immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) protease activity in partially purified culture supernate of Pasteurella haemolytica A1. Can J Vet Res 1996; 60:127-132.

  78. 75.LEE CW, SHEWEN PE, CLADMAN WM, CONLON JA, MELLORS A, LO RY. Sialoglycoprotease of Pasteurella haemolytica A1: detection of antisialoglycoprotease antibodies in sera of calves. Can J Vet Res 1994; 58:93-98.

  79. 76.NYARKO KA, COOMBER BL, MELLORS A, GENTRY PA. Bovine platelet adhesion is enhanced by leukotoxin and sialoglycoprotease isolated from Pasteurella haemolytica A1 cultures. Vet Microbiol 1998; 61:81-91.

  80. 77.JARAMILLO L, DIAZ F, HERNANDEZ P, DEBRAY H, TRIGO F, MENDOZA G et al. Purification and characterization of an adhesin from Pasteurella haemolytica. Glycobiology 2000; 10:31-37.

  81. 78.CONLON J, SHEWEN P, LO RY. Efficacy of recombinant leukotoxin in protection against pneumonic challenge with live Pasteurella haemolytica A1. Infect Immun 1991; 59:587-591.

  82. 79.SHEWEN PE, LEE CW, PERETS A, HODGINS DC, BALDWIN K, LO RY. Efficacy of recombinant sialoglycoprotease in protection of cattle against pneumonic challenge with Mannheimia (Pasteurella ) haemolytica A1. Vaccine 2003; 21:1901-1906.

  83. 80.STRAUS DC, PURDY CW. In vivo production of neuraminidase by Pasteurella haemolytica A1 in goats after transthoracic challenge. Infect Immun 1994; 62:4675- 4678.

  84. 81.STRAUS DC, JOLLEY WL, PURDY CW. Characterization of neuraminidases produced by various serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica. Infect Immun 1993; 61:4669- 4674.

  85. 82.CONFER AW, PANCIERA RJ, GENTRY MJ, FULTON RW. Immunologic response and resistance to experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle vaccinated with various dosages of lyophilized Pasteurella haemolytica. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47:1853-1857.

  86. 83.JARAMILLO ML, ZENTENO E, TRIGO FJ. Mechanisms of pathogenicity and adhesion in Pasteurella haemolytica. Rev Lat-Am Microbiol 1999; 41:105-116.

  87. 84.FRANK GH, TABATABAI LB. Neuraminidase activity of Pasteurella haemolytica isolates. Infect Immun 1981; 32:1119-1122.

  88. 85.STRAUS DC, UNBEHAGEN PJ, PURDY CW. Neuraminidase production by a Pasteurella haemolytica A1 strain associated with bovine pneumonia. Infect Immun 1993; 61:253-259.

  89. 86.POULSEN D, MOSIER D, CLINKENBEARD K, CONFER A. Direct effects of Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide of bovine pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50:1633-1637.

  90. 87.POULSEN D, CONFER A, CLINKENBEARD K, MOSIER D. Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharideinduced arachidonic acid release from a neutrophil adherence to bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Vet Res 1990; 51:1635-1639.

  91. 88.LAFLEUR RL, ABRAHAMSEN MS, MAHESWARAN SK. The biphasic mRNA expression pattern of bovine interleukin-8 in Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide- stimulated alveolar macrophages is primarily due to tumor necrosis factor alpha. Infect Immun 1998; 66:4087-4092.

  92. 89.LAFLEUR RL, MALAZDREWICH C, JEYASEELAN S, BLEIFIELD E, ABRAHAMSEN MS, MAHESWARAN SK. Lipopolysaccharide enhances cytolysis and inflammatory cytokine induction in bovine alveolar macrophages exposed to Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica leukotoxin. Microb Pathog 2001; 30:347-357.

  93. 90.KEHRENBERG C, SCHULZE-TANZIL G, MARTEL J-L, CHASLUS-DANCLA E, SCHWARZ S. Antimicrobial resistance in Pasteurella and Mannheimia: epidemiology and genetic basis. Vet Res 2001; 32:323-339.

  94. 91.OBERHOFER T. Comparison of the API 20E and Oxi/ Ferm Systems in identification of nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 9:220-226.

  95. 92.SWANSON E, COLLINS M. Use of the API 20E system to identify veterinary Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 1980; 12:10-14.

  96. 93.COLLINS M, SWANSON E. Use of the API 20E system to identify non-enterobacteriaceae from veterinary medical sources. Am J Vet Res 1981; 42:1269-1273.

  97. 94.ERASMUS J. The usefulness of the API 20E classification system in the identification of Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans, Actinobacillus seminis and Pasteurella haemolytica. Onderst J Vet Res 1983; 50: 97-99.

  98. 95.MASLOW J, MULLIGAN M. Molecular Epidemiology: Application of contemporary techniques to the typing of microorganisms. Clin Infect Dis 1993:153-164.

  99. 96.VERSALOVIC J, LUPSKI J. Molecular detection and genotyping of pathogens: more accurate and rapid answers. Trends Microbiol 2002; 10:15-21.

  100. 97.CHASLUS-DANCLA E, LESAGE-DECAUSES MC, LEROY-SETRIN S, MARTEL JL, COUDERT P, LAFONT JP. Validation of random amplified polymorphic DNA assays by ribotyping as tools for epidemiological surveys of Pasteurella from animals. Vet Microbiol 1996; 52:91-102.

  101. 98.POULSEN LL, REINERT TM, SAND RL, BISGAARD M, CHRISTENSEN H, OLSEN JE et al. Occurrence of haemolytic Mannheimia spp. in apparently healthy sheep in Norway. Acta Vet Scand 2006; 47:70.

  102. 99.DEROSA DC, MECHOR GD, STAATS JJ, CHENGAPPA MM, SHRYOCK TR. Comparison of Pasteurella spp. simultaneously isolated from nasal and transtracheal swabs from cattle with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:327-332.

  103. 100.LIU S-L, SCHRYVERS A, SANDERSON K, JOHNSTON R. Bacterial phylogenetic closters revealed by genome structure. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:6747-6755.

  104. 101.ALLEN JW, VIEL L, BATEMAN KG, ROSENDAL S, SHEWEN PE, PHYSICK-SHEARD P. The microbial flora of the respiratory tract in feedlot calves: associations between nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures. Can J Vet Res 1991; 55:341-346.

  105. 102.RICE J, CARRASCO-MEDINA L, HODGINS D, SHEWEN P. Mannheimia haemolytica and bovine respiratory disease. Anim Health Res Rev 2008; 8 117-128.

  106. 103.BOWLAND SL, SHEWEN PE. Bovine respiratory disease: commercial vaccines currently available in Canada. Can Vet J 2000; 41:33-48.

  107. 104.WILKIE BN, MARKHAM RJ, SHEWEN PE. Response of calves to lung challenge exposure with Pasteurella haemolytica after parenteral or pulmonary immunization. Am J Vet Res 1980; 41:1773-1778.

  108. 105.CONFER AW, PANCIERA RJ, FULTON RW, GENTRY MJ, RUMMAGE JA. Effect of vaccination with live or killed Pasteurella haemolytica on resistance to experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Am J Vet Res 1985; 46:342-347.

  109. 106.PANCIERA RJ, CORSTVET RE, CONFER AW, GRESHAM CN. Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: effect of vaccination with live Pasteurella species. Am J Vet Res 1984; 45:2538-2542.

  110. 107.BOWERSOCK TL, HOGENESCH H, SUCKOW M, GUIMOND P, MARTIN S, BORIE D et al. Oral vaccination of animals with antigens encapsulated in alginate microspheres. Vaccine 1999; 17:1804-1811.

  111. 108.LEE RW, STROMMER J, HODGINS D, SHEWEN PE, NIU Y, LO RY. Towards development of an edible vaccine against bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis using transgenic white clover expressing a Mannheimia haemolytica A1 leukotoxin 50 fusion protein. Infect Immun 2001; 69:5786-5793.

  112. 109.LO RY. Development of transgenic alfalfa expressing antigens of Mannheimia hemolytica as an oral vaccine against bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Proceedings of the International Pasteurellaceae Society Conference 2008; 2008 Oct 12-15; Sorrento, Italia. Sorrento, Italia: International Pasteurellaceae Society, 2008: S:11.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com