2002, Número 1
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Salud Mental 2002; 25 (1)
Modelos animales para el estudio de la ansiedad: Una aproximación crítica
Gómez C, Saldívar-González JA, Rodríguez R
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 73
Paginas: 14-24
Archivo PDF: 85.32 Kb.
RESUMEN
La evidencia generada en los últimos años parece señalar claramente que la estructura y la actividad cerebral se encuentran evolutivamente vinculadas en diferentes especies. La relación establecida durante el proceso evolutivo entre las diferentes especies de mamíferos permite estudiar algunas funciones mentales superiores humanas, normales y patológicas, en los animales. Este precepto fundamental ha proporcionado el sustrato teórico para la introducción del método experimental en psiquiatría. La intención de reproducir elementos de padecimientos psiquiátricos en animales constituye un capítulo con identidad propia, hoy en día incuestionable en el ámbito de la investigación médico-biológica. Se estima que la investigación preclínica en el área de la ansiedad utiliza cerca de 30 modelos animales que permiten observar y cuantificar conductas de diversa índole. Estas conductas responden de una manera específica al tratamiento con compuestos ansiolíticos o ansiogénicos. Entre éstos, los modelos condicionados involucran procedimientos de castigo o conflicto, generalmente un choque eléctrico. En este caso un animal entrenado para emitir o suprimir una respuesta, modifica el patrón de ésta al ser tratado con un fármaco. Este grupo de paradigmas permite al experimentador controlar los niveles de conducta basal, pero requiere de una fase de entrenamiento, además de exigir análisis minuciosos con objeto de descartar los efectos putativos inespecíficos, no relacionados con el tratamiento sino con el aprendizaje, la memoria, la ingesta de agua y alimento, y las funciones senso-motrices y perceptuales. Hay otro gran grupo de modelos animales que, en contraste con las pruebas de respuestas condicionadas, estudia conductas no condicionadas. Este grupo de modelos se ha desarrollado mediante la identificación y clasificación del repertorio conductual natural de diferentes especies animales. Aunque este tipo de modelos presenta mayor variabilidad que los paradigmas basados en respuestas condicionadas, numerosos autores atribuyen a los modelos no condicionados un nivel más alto de validez neurobiológica, no requieren entrenamiento y son menos susceptibles a la interferencia de procesos mnemónicos o motivacionales. Sin embargo, persiste una discrepancia importante entre la ansiedad según el DSM IV y los modelos animales usados. La mayoría de los modelos adolece de puntos de referencia onto y filogenéticos comunes entre el padecimiento y éstos. En la actualidad, se considera que los trastornos de la ansiedad constituyen perturbaciones de respuestas de defensa como la hipervigilancia, y reacciones de evitación y escape que reflejan un fenómeno adaptativo normal. En conclusión, la validez en el uso de los modelos animales para el estudio de la ansiedad depende de la aceptación de que tanto la ansiedad normal como la patológica, incluyan sustratos anatómicos y neuroquímicos comunes y, que éstos, a su vez, se relacionen con sistemas neurales involucrados en las reacciones defensivas de las especies.
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