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Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiología

2007, Número 3-4

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Microbiología 2007; 49 (3-4)


Glicobiología del virus de la influenza A

Florres-Munguía ME, Vázquez-Moreno L, Ramos-Clamont Montfort G

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 120
Paginas: 74-87
Archivo PDF: 2721.39 Kb.


RESUMEN

El reconocimiento específico de las hemaglutininas (HA) del virus de la influenza A hacia los carbohidratos de las células de los vertebrados, es la señal que permite al virus unirse a la célula para replicarse e infectar al huésped y también para perpetuarse, estableciendo reservorios naturales en diferentes especies. Las HA de los virus que atacan a aves, reconocen sialiloligosacáridos con ácidos siálicos unidos a galactosa en la posición α 2-3. Esto les permite replicarse en células intestinales produciendo una infección entérica que se disemina a través de las heces. Para cruzar la barrera de las especies y atacar al humano, la especificidad de la HA cambia, reconociendo ahora estructuras con ácidos siálicos en posición α 2-6. Esta permuta, aparentemente sencilla, provoca que el virus se replique en las células del sistema respiratorio humano. Las alteraciones en la especificidad de la HA se favorecen por diversos mecanismos de variación genética debidos a la naturaleza segmentada del ARN del virus. Estos mecanismos requirieron además de un intermediario, el cerdo, cuyo sistema respiratorio presenta tanto estructuras sialiladas en α 2-3 como en α 2-6 y por tanto es susceptible a virus que atacan a aves y humanos. El virus aviar se adapta en el cerdo para poder atacar al humano y esta adaptación se favorece en situaciones de co-infección. Sin embargo, actualmente existen cepas que son capaces de transmitirse directamente del ave al humano sin necesidad de un intermediario. Estas cepas han acumulado y siguen adquiriendo variaciones en su información genética que las capacitan para poder desencadenar una nueva pandemia de influenza.


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