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TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas

2021, Número 1

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TIP Rev Esp Cienc Quim Biol 2021; 24 (1)


El receptor S1P1 de la esfingosina1-fosfato: avances en el conocimiento de su estructura, función e importancia biomédica

Martínez-Morales JC, García-Sáinz JA, Romero-Ávila MT

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 83
Paginas:
Archivo PDF: 398.00 Kb.


RESUMEN

La esfingosina1-fosfato (S1P) es un metabolito intermediario en el catabolismo de la esfingomielina y un “lípido bioactivo”, con la capacidad de funcionar como hormona local al modular las funciones de distintas células y tejidos; en las células regula una gran variedad de respuestas, como la migración, la diferenciación y la sobrevivencia y en los tejidos la angiogénesis, la cardiogénesis, el desarrollo de las extremidades, la formación del sistema linfático y nervioso, entre otros procesos. El receptor S1P1 es un miembro de la familia de receptores acoplados a proteínas G que media muchas de las acciones de la S1P. Este receptor tiene una gran importancia médica por estar involucrado en la patogenia de la esclerosis múltiple. En condiciones fisiológicas el receptor S1P1 se expresa en la superficie de los linfocitos y regula la salida de esas células de los ganglios linfáticos por quimiotaxis. Por otra parte, la esclerosis múltiple es una enfermedad crónica, autoinmune y neurodegenerativa del sistema nervioso central, asociada en muchos casos con una progresión irreversible que conduce a la discapacidad. En la patogenia de esta enfermedad, después de que los linfocitos salen de los ganglios linfáticos, se encuentran en el torrente sanguíneo y atraviesan la barrera hematoencefálica invaden el sistema nervioso central, favorecen la secreción de citocinas inflamatorias que activan a los macrófagos y a otras células, destruyendo las vainas de mielina; además, los linfocitos B producen anticuerpos contra los componentes de la mielina incrementando la desmielinización, el daño axonal y neuronal que caracterizan a los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple.


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