medigraphic.com
ISSN 2500-7106 (Electronic)
ISSN 0123-2576 (Print)
Medicina & Laboratorio

2014, Number 07-08

<< Back

Medicina & Laboratorio 2014; 20 (07-08)

Strongyloides stercoralis: A forgotten geohelminth

Hernández-Castro C

Language: Spanish
References: 53
Page: 383-398
PDF size: 894.00 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal parasite who lives in the submucosa of the hosts. It has considered as a geohelminth that develops a part of its life cycle on soil under conditions of temperature and humidity common to tropical countries. There are an estimated of 30 to 100 million people infected with this nematode globally, making it of medical importance worldwide. This parasite has been forgotten in Colombia, because although for World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization are a priority the eradication of neglected diseases, including geohelminth infections, for 2015, Strongyloides stercoralis has not been included in geohelminth group by this organizations. Therefore, it is out of searching, diagnosis, and treatment. Additionally, the diagnosis of this parasite is controversially, because currently laboratories employ the conventional direct microscopic examination to make the diagnostic of Stongyloides stercoralis, a technique that previously reported with low sensitivity for this parasitism. In addition, it has been determined that the isolation in agar plate is the technique of choice for diagnosis, because it reaches sensitivity between 78% and 100% and it is an easy and applicable technique for any clinical diagnostic laboratory. The aim of this review is to make an approximation to the epidemiology, life cycle, clinical and diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis, a medically important parasite in our country.


REFERENCES

  1. Romero-Cabello R, Villagroy Gomez J, Hernandez Gonzalez M, Romero Feregrino R. Hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 2012.

  2. Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, et al. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 2006; 367: 1521-1532.

  3. Organización Mundial de la Salud, Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Resolución CD49.R19. Eliminación de las enfermedades desatendidas y otras infecciones relacionadas con la pobreza. 2009. Disponible: http://new.paho. org/hq/dmdocuments/2009/CD49.R19%20 %28Esp.%29.pdf. Consultado: mayo 2014.

  4. Organización Mundial de la Salud, Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Geohelmintiasis. 2014. Disponible: http://www. paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content& view=article&id=5747&Itemid=4138. Consultado: mayo 2014.

  5. Grove DI. A History Of Human Helminthology. Oxford, Inglaterra: C.A.B International; 1990.

  6. Olsen A, van Lieshout L, Marti H, Polderman T, Polman K, Steinmann P, et al. Strongyloidiasis-- the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103: 967-972.

  7. Schar F, Trostdorf U, Giardina F, Khieu V, Muth S, Marti H, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis: Global Distribution and Risk Factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7: e2288.

  8. Corredor A, Arciniegas E, Hernández CA, Caceres E, Castaño de Romero L, Estupiñan D, et al. Parasitismo intestinal. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Bogotá D.C., Colombia; 2000.

  9. Kozubsky L, Archelli S. Consideraciones sobre la biología y el diagnóstico de Strongyloides stercoralis. Acta Bioquím Clín Latinoam 2004; 38: 333-338.

  10. Hernandez-Chavarria F. Strongyloides stercoralis: Un parásito subestimado. Parasitol día 2001; 25: 40-49.

  11. Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades. Diagnostic Procedures. Stool Specimens. Intestinal Parasites: Comparative Morphology Figures. Figure 7: Hookworm and Strongyloides Larvae. 2013. Disponible: http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/diagnosticProcedures/ stool/morphcomp.html. Consultado: mayo 2014.

  12. Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Grupo Interdisciplinario para el Estudio de las Parasitosis - GIEPI. Laboratorio Virtual de Parásitos Humanos. Phylum Nematoda. Disponible: http://medicina. udea.edu.co/parasitologia/Nematoda.html. Consultado: mayo 2014.

  13. Botero D, Restrepo M. Parasitosis humanas (ed 5a). Medellín, Colombia: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas; 2012.

  14. Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades. Parasites - Strongyloides: Biology. 2013. Disponible: http://www.cdc.gov/ parasites/strongyloides/biology.html. Consultado: mayo 2014.

  15. Giraldo MI, NL G, Castaño JC. Prevalencia de helmintos intestinales en caninos del departamento del Quindío. Biomédica 2005; 25: 346-352.

  16. Carrada-Bravo T. Strongyloides stercoralis: ciclo vital, cuadros clínicos, epidemiología, patología y terapéutica. Rev Mex Patol Clin 2008; 55: 88-110.

  17. Arora DR, Arora B. AIDS-associated parasitic diarrhoea. Indian J Med Microbiol 2009; 27: 185-190.

  18. Chandrasekar PH, Polenakovik H, Polenakovik S. Strongyloidiasis. Medscape Drugs & Diseases. 2014. Disponible: http://emedicine. medscape.com/article/229312-overview. Consultado: mayo 2014.

  19. Karolyi Z, Eros N, Kriston R. [Cutaneous manifestations of strongyloidosis]. Orv Hetil 1999; 140: 191-194.

  20. McKerrow JH, Brindley P, Brown M, Gam AA, Staunton C, Neva FA. Strongyloides stercoralis: identification of a protease that facilitates penetration of skin by the infective larvae. Exp Parasitol 1990; 70: 134-143.

  21. Vadlamudi RS, Chi DS, Krishnaswamy G. Intestinal strongyloidiasis and hyperinfection syndrome. Clin Mol Allergy 2006; 4: 8.

  22. Chitkara RK, Krishna G. Parasitic pulmonary eosinophilia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 27: 171-184.

  23. Khieu V, Schar F, Marti H, Bless PJ, Char MC, Muth S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis in Takeo Province, Cambodia. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7: 221.

  24. Zaha O, Hirata T, Kinjo F, Saito A. Strongyloidiasis-- progress in diagnosis and treatment. Intern Med 2000; 39: 695-700.

  25. Hirata T, Uchima N, Kishimoto K, Zaha O, Kinjo N, Hokama A, et al. Impairment of host immune response against Strongyloides stercoralis by human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 74: 246-249.

  26. Marchi Blatt J, Cantos GA. Evaluation of techniques for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and HIV negative individuals in the city of Itajai, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2003; 7: 402-408.

  27. Fardet L, Genereau T, Cabane J, Kettaneh A. Severe strongyloidiasis in corticosteroid- treated patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12: 945-947.

  28. Bava BA, Cecilia D, Alcides T. Adult female of Strongyloides stercoralis in respiratory secretions. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3: 311-313.

  29. Newberry AM, Williams DN, Stauffer WM, Boulware DR, Hendel-Paterson BR, Walker PF. Strongyloides hyperinfection presenting as acute respiratory failure and gram-negative sepsis. Chest 2005; 128: 3681-3684.

  30. Ashrafi K, Tahbaz A, Rahmati B. Strongyloides stercoralis: The Most Prevalent Parasitic Cause of Eosinophilia in Gilan Province, Northern Iran. Iran J Parasitol 2010; 5: 40-47.

  31. Roman-Sanchez P, Pastor-Guzman A, Moreno- Guillen S, Igual-Adell R, Suner-Generoso S, Tornero-Estebanez C. High prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis among farm workers on the Mediterranean coast of Spain: analysis of the predictive factors of infection in developed countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 69: 336-340.

  32. Chacin-Bonilla L. [Systemic strongyloidiasis. Review]. Invest Clin 1991; 32: 131-145.

  33. Sultana Y, Gilbert GL, Ahmed BN, Lee R. Strongyloidiasis in a high risk community of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106: 756-762.

  34. Jongwutiwes S, Charoenkorn M, Sitthichareonchai P, Akaraborvorn P, Putaporntip C. Increased sensitivity of routine laboratory detection of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm by agar-plate culture. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999; 93: 398-400.

  35. Sato Y, Kobayashi J, Toma H, Shiroma Y. Efficacy of stool examination for detection of Strongyloides infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995; 53: 248-250.

  36. Uparanukraw P, Phongsri S, Morakote N. Fluctuations of larval excretion in Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60: 967-973.

  37. Lau Chong C, Samalvides Cuba F, Terashima Iwashita Angélica. Evaluación de técnicas parasitológicas en el diagnóstico de estrongiloidiasis por Strongyloides stercoralis. Rev Med Hered 2005; 16: 11-18.

  38. Salazar SA, Gutierrez C, Berk SL. Value of the agar plate method for the diagnosis of intestinal strongyloidiasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 23: 141-145.

  39. Koga K, Kasuya S, Khamboonruang C, Sukhavat K, Ieda M, Takatsuka N, et al. A modified agar plate method for detection of Strongyloides stercoralis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991; 45: 518-521.

  40. Arakaki T, Hasegawa H, Asato R, Ikeshiro T, Kinjo F, Saito A, et al. A new method to detect Strongyloides stercoralis from human stool. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 16: 11-17.

  41. Ines Ede J, Souza JN, Santos RC, Souza ES, Santos FL, Silva ML, et al. Efficacy of parasitological methods for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm in faecal specimens. Acta Trop 2011; 120: 206-210.

  42. Requena-Mendez A, Chiodini P, Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Gotuzzo E, Munoz J. The laboratory diagnosis and follow up of strongyloidiasis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7: e2002.

  43. Sitta RB, Malta FM, Pinho JR, Chieffi PP, Gryschek RC, Paula FM. Conventional PCR for molecular diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis. Parasitology 2014; 141: 716-721.

  44. Ordóñez LE, Angulo ES. Eficacia de la ivermectina en el tratamiento de niños colombianos parasitados por Strongyloides stercoralis. Biomédica 2004; 24: 33-41.

  45. Datry A, Hilmarsdottir I, Mayorga-Sagastume R, Lyagoubi M, Gaxotte P, Biligui S, et al. Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection with ivermectin compared with albendazole: results of an open study of 60 cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88: 344-345.

  46. Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades. Parasites - Strongyloides: Resources for Health Professionals. 2013. Disponible: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ strongyloides/health_professionals/index. html#tx. Consultado: mayo 2014.

  47. Donadello K, Cristallini S, Taccone FS, Lorent S, Vincent JL, de Backer D, et al. Strongyloides disseminated infection successfully treated with parenteral ivermectin: case report with drug concentration measurements and review of the literature. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 42: 580-583.

  48. Chiodini PL, Reid AJ, Wiselka MJ, Firmin R, Foweraker J. Parenteral ivermectin in Strongyloides hyperinfection. Lancet 2000; 355: 43-44.

  49. Siddiqui AA, Berk SL. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1040-1047.

  50. Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades. Parasites - Strongyloides: Prevention & Control. 2013. Disponible: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/strongyloides/ prevent.html. Consultado: mayo 2014.

  51. Pinilla-Roa AE, López-Páez MC. Hiperinfección por Srongyloides en anciano con EPOC. Rev Fac Med 2011; 59: 46-55.

  52. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Prevención y control de las infecciones parasitarias intestinales. 1987. Disponible: http://whqlibdoc. who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_749_spa.pdf. Consultado: mayo 2014.

  53. República Oriental del Uruguay, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Dirección General de la Salud, División Salud de la Población. Helmintiasis intestinales. Manejo de las Geohelmintiasis. 2003. Disponible: http:// www.bvsops.org.uy/pdf/hel.pdf. Consultado: mayo 2014.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com