medigraphic.com
ISSN 2500-7106 (Electronic)
ISSN 0123-2576 (Print)
Medicina & Laboratorio

2014, Number 05-06

<< Back Next >>

Medicina & Laboratorio 2014; 20 (05-06)

Immune thrombocytopenia as a manifestation of Helicobacter pylori infection

Campuzano-Maya G

Language: Spanish
References: 167
Page: 211-240
PDF size: 1096.08 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Helicobacter pylori is the most common causative agent of human infection, with a marked disadvantage between developed and developing countries. Although Helicobacter pylori infection is asymptomatic in majority of individuals infected, it is also clear their close relation with malignant diseases of the stomach as gastric cancer and gastric MALT lymphoma and benign diseases such as chronic gastritis and duodenal and gastric peptic ulcer. Since the moment it became know that bacteria could colonize the gastric mucosa, hundred extragastric events have been reported in the indexed world medical literature (PubMed), that involves medical specialties as diverse as cardiology, dermatology, endocrinology, obstetrics and gynecology, hematology, pulmonology, neurology, dentistry, ophthal- mology, otolaryngology, pediatrics, psychiatry and peripheral vascular. Some of these with varying proofs of relation between Helicobacter pylori infection and disease development. This review focuses in the analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The information for ITP includes the problem overview, evidence of the association with Helicobacter pylori infection, the pathophysiology and management in poshelicobacter era.


REFERENCES

  1. Mitchell HM. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999; 241: 11-30.

  2. EUROGAST Study Group. Epidemiology of, and risk factors for, Helicobacter pylori infection among 3194 asymptomatic subjects in 17 populations. Gut 1993; 34: 1672-1676.

  3. Duque JJ. Helicobacter pylori en la mucosa gástrica de cadáveres de niños. Iatreia 1999; 12: 135-138.

  4. Campuzano-Maya G, Hoyos-Castaño D, Calvo-Betancur VD, Suárez-Ramírez OA, Lizcano-Cardona D, Rojas-Arbeláez CA. Prevalencia de la infección por Helicobacter pylori en médicos de Medellín, Colombia. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 2007; 37: 99-103.

  5. Duque JJ, Gutiérrez F. Presencia de Helicobacter pylori en la mucosa gástrica de cadáveres. Iatreia 1995; 8: 96-97.

  6. Warren J, Marshall B. Unidentified curved baccilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983: 1273-1275.

  7. Correa P. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: state of the art. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996; 5: 477-481.

  8. Isaacson PG. Gastric MALT lymphoma: from concept to cure. Ann Oncol 1999; 10: 637-645.

  9. Doberauer C, Sanner B, Henning B. Multiple myeloma involving the stomach with vitamin B12 deficiency. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11: 205-207.

  10. Selgrad M, Kandulski A, Malfertheiner P. Dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori. Dig Dis 2008; 26: 210-214.

  11. Bayerdorffer E, Ritter MM, Hatz R, Brooks W, Ruckdeschel G, Stolte M. Healing of protein losing hypertrophic gastropathy by eradication of Helicobacter pylori--is Helicobacter pylori a pathogenic factor in Ménétrier’s disease? Gut 1994; 35: 701-704.

  12. Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ, Sherman PM. Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric cancer and nonulcer dyspepsia: a systematic overview. Cmaj 1994; 150: 177-185.

  13. Kuipers EJ, Thijs JC, Festen HP. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9 Suppl 2: 59-69.

  14. Sherman PM, Lin FY. Extradigestive manifestation of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents. Can J Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 421-424.

  15. Solnick JV, Franceschi F, Roccarina D, Gasbarrini A. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection--other Helicobacter species. Helicobacter 2006; 11 Suppl 1: 46-51.

  16. Campuzano-Maya G. Cure of alopecia areata after eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a new association? World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 3165-3170.

  17. Moyaert H, Franceschi F, Roccarina D, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Gasbarrini A. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection: other Helicobacters. Helicobacter 2008; 13 Suppl 1: 47-57.

  18. Pellicano R, Franceschi F, Saracco G, Fagoonee S, Roccarina D, Gasbarrini A. Helicobacters and extragastric diseases. Helicobacter 2009; 14 Suppl 1: 58-68.

  19. Figura N, Franceschi F, Santucci A, Bernardini G, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2010; 15 Suppl 1: 60-68.

  20. Suzuki H, Franceschi F, Nishizawa T, Gasbarrini A. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2011; 16 Suppl 1: 65-69.

  21. Banic M, Franceschi F, Babic Z, Gasbarrini A. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2012; 17 Suppl 1: 49-55.

  22. Roubaud Baudron C, Franceschi F, Salles N, Gasbarrini A. Extragastric diseases and Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2013; 18 Suppl 1: 44-51.

  23. Franceschi F, Tortora A, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Helicobacter pylori and extragastric diseases. Helicobacter 2014; 19 Suppl 1: 52-58.

  24. Campuzano-Maya G. Hematologic manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2014: in press.

  25. Word Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Working Group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Helicobacter pylori. Schistomes, liver flukes, and Helicobacter pylori: views and expert opinions of an IARC Working group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 1994; 61: 177-240.

  26. World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Ginebra, 2003.

  27. Asaka M, Kato M, Takahashi S, Fukuda Y, Sugiyama T, Ota H, et al. Guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection in Japan: 2009 revised edition. Helicobacter 2010; 15: 1-20.

  28. Graham DY. The only good Helicobacter pylori is a dead Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1997; 350: 70-71.

  29. Campuzano-Maya G. Proof of an association between Helicobacter pylori and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Latin America. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 265-273.

  30. Rodeghiero F, Stasi R, Gernsheimer T, Michel M, Provan D, Arnold DM, et al. Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: report from an international working group. Blood 2009; 113: 2386-2393.

  31. Provan D, Stasi R, Newland AC, Blanchette VS, Bolton-Maggs P, Bussel JB, et al. International consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010; 115: 168-186.

  32. Liel MS, Carverley DC. Thrombopcytopenia caused by immunologic platelet destruction In: Greer JP, Arber DA, Glader B, List AF, Means RTJ, Paraskevas F, et al., eds. Wintrobe ´s Clinical Hematology (ed 13 Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013: 1061-1076.

  33. Cines DB, Bussel JB, McMillan RB, Zehnder JL. Congenital and acquired thrombocytopenia. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2004: 390-406.

  34. Cines DB, Blanchette VS. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 995-1008.

  35. Frederiksen H, Schmidt K. The incidence of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults increases with age. Blood 1999; 94: 909- 913.

  36. Neunert C, Lim W, Crowther M, Cohen A, Solberg L, Jr., Crowther MA. The American Society of Hematology 2011 evidence-based practice guideline for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011; 117: 4190-4207.

  37. Pizzuto J, Ambriz R. Therapeutic experience on 934 adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: Multicentric Trial of the Cooperative Latin American group on Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Blood 1984; 64: 1179-1183.

  38. García-Pérez A, Valverde de La Osa J, Giménez Samper M, Alonso García I. Resolución de una púrpura trombocitopénica autoinmune después de un tratamiento de erradicación para Helicobacter pylori. Sangre (Barc) 1999; 44: 387-388.

  39. Tohda S, Ohkusa T. Resolution of refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Am J Hematol 2000; 65: 329-330.

  40. Goto H, Kikuta T, Ota A, Tsuji H, Hino R. [Successful treatment of refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura by eradication of Helicobacter pylori]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2001; 42: 1192-1194.

  41. Mukai M, Kon Y, Notoya A, Kohno M. Helicobacter pylori associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med 2002; 113: 169-171.

  42. Asaumi N, Niiya K, Shibakura M, Yoshida C, Niiya M, Tanimoto M. Secondary eradication of Helicobacter pylori was effective against refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003; 14: 785- 786.

  43. Takechi T, Unemoto J, Ishihara M, Hosokawa T, Zushi N, Shiraishi T, et al. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Pediatr Int 2006; 48: 76-78.

  44. Grimaz S, Damiani D, Brosolo P, Skert C, Geromin A, de Pretis G. Resolution of thrombocytopenia after treatment for Helicobacter pylori: a case report. Haematologica 1999; 84: 283-284.

  45. Soldinger E, Pilia MC, Piubello W, Nadali G. Multi-resistant idiopathic thrombocytopenia successfully treated by eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Dig Liver Dis 2001; 33: 732.

  46. Candelli M, Nista EC, Pignataro G, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 569-570.

  47. Kurekci AE, Atay AA, Sarici SU, Ozcan O. Complete platelet recovery after treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in a child with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a case report. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004; 21: 593-596.

  48. Gasbarrini A, Franceschi F, Tartaglione R, Landolfi R, Pola P, Gasbarrini G. Regression of autoimmune thrombocytopenia after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1998; 352: 878.

  49. Geddis AE, Balduini CL. Diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Curr Opin Hematol 2007; 14: 520-525.

  50. Kohda K, Kuga T, Kogawa K, Kanisawa Y, Koike K, Kuroiwa G, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet recovery in Japanese patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and secondary autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2002; 118: 584-588.

  51. Kohda K, Niitsu Y. [Helicobacter pylori infection and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]. Nippon Rinsho 2003; 61: 644-649.

  52. Ando K, Shimamoto T, Tauchi T, Ito Y, Kuriyama Y, Gotoh A, et al. Can eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori really improve the thrombocytopenia in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura? Our experience and a literature review. Int J Hematol 2003; 77: 239- 244.

  53. Hashino S, Mori A, Suzuki S, Izumiyama K, Kahata K, Yonezumi M, et al. Platelet recovery in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Int J Hematol 2003; 77: 188-191.

  54. Hino M, Yamane T, Park K, Takubo T, Ohta K, Kitagawa S, et al. Platelet recovery after eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol 2003; 82: 30-32.

  55. Kato A, Kato H, Hirashima N, Sakamoto T, Nukaya H, Ito K, et al. [Evaluation of the efficacy of an Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura patients]. Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 2004; 101: 1209-1216.

  56. Ando T, Tsuzuki T, Mizuno T, Minami M, Ina K, Kusugami K, et al. Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis and the effect of H. pylori eradication in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Helicobacter 2004; 9: 443-452.

  57. Nomura S, Inami N, Kanazawa S. The effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on chemokine production in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Eur J Haematol 2004; 72: 304-305.

  58. Sato R, Murakami K, Watanabe K, Okimoto T, Miyajima H, Ogata M, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet recovery in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 1904-1907.

  59. Takahashi T, Yujiri T, Shinohara K, Inoue Y, Sato Y, Fujii Y, et al. Molecular mimicry by Helicobacter pylori CagA protein may be involved in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2004; 124: 91-96.

  60. Fujimura K, Kuwana M, Kurata Y, Imamura M, Harada H, Sakamaki H, et al. Is eradication therapy useful as the first line of treatment in Helicobacter pylori-positive idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura? Analysis of 207 eradicated chronic ITP cases in Japan. Int J Hematol 2005; 81: 162-168.

  61. Inaba T, Mizuno M, Take S, Suwaki K, Honda T, Kawai K, et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori increases platelet count in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Japan. Eur J Clin Invest 2005; 35: 214-219.

  62. Tsutsumi Y, Kanamori H, Yamato H, Ehira N, Kawamura T, Umehara S, et al. Randomized study of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy and proton pump inhibitor monotherapy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol 2005; 84: 807-811.

  63. Suzuki T, Matsushima M, Masui A, Watanabe K, Takagi A, Ogawa Y, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura- a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1265-1270.

  64. Asahi A, Kuwana M, Suzuki H, Hibi T, Kawakami Y, Ikeda Y. Effects of a Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen on anti-platelet autoantibody response in infected and uninfected patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Haematologica 2006; 91: 1436- 1437.

  65. Ishiyama M, Teramura M, Iwabe K, Kato T, Motoji T. Clonally expanded T-cells in the peripheral blood of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and Helicobacter pylori infection. Int J Hematol 2006; 83: 147- 151.

  66. Satake M, Nishikawa J, Fukagawa Y, Akashi K, Okamoto T, Yoshida T, et al. The longterm efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22: 2233-2237.

  67. Kodama M, Kitadai Y, Ito M, Kai H, Masuda H, Tanaka S, et al. Immune Response to CagA protein is associated with improved platelet count after Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 36-42.

  68. Asahi A, Nishimoto T, Okazaki Y, Suzuki H, Masaoka T, Kawakami Y, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication shifts monocyte Fcgamma receptor balance toward inhibitory FcgammaRIIB in immune thrombocytopenic purpura patients. J Clin Invest 2008; 118: 2939-2949.

  69. Suzuki T, Matsushima M, Shirakura K, Koike J, Masui A, Takagi A, et al. Association of inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms with platelet recovery in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura patients after the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Digestion 2008; 77: 73-78.

  70. Tsumoto C, Tominaga K, Okazaki H, Tanigawa T, Yamagami H, Watanabe K, et al. Long-term efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: 7-year follow-up prospective study. Ann Hematol 2009; 88: 789-793.

  71. Sato R, Murakami K, Okimoto T, Watanabe K, Kodama M, Fujioka T. Development of corpus atrophic gastritis may be associated with Helicobacter pylori-related idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Journal of gastroenterology 2011; 46: 991-997.

  72. Kikuchi T, Kobayashi T, Yamashita T, Ohashi K, Sakamaki H, Akiyama H. Eight-year follow-up of patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura related to H. pylori infection. Platelets 2011; 22: 59-62.

  73. Kong R, Qiu HC, Wu PF, Niu XH, Shen WX, Wang Y. [Clinical significance of Helicobacter pylori in pathogenesis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2008; 16: 1222-1226.

  74. Wu S, Li Y, Jian Z, Tang F. [Anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2009; 34: 1251-1254.

  75. Rostami N, Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Rahnavardi M, Esfahani FS. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on platelet recovery in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: A controlled trial. Am J Hematol 2008; 83: 376-381.

  76. Payandeh M, Sohrabi N, Zare ME, Kansestani AN, Hashemian AH. Platelet count response to Helicobacter pylori eradication in iranian patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012; 4: e2012056.

  77. Tag HS, Lee HS, Jung SH, Kim BK, Kim SB, Lee A, et al. Effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Korean J Hematol 2010; 45: 127-132.

  78. Emilia G, Longo G, Luppi M, Gandini G, Morselli M, Ferrara L, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication can induce platelet recovery in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2001; 97: 812-814.

  79. Emilia G, Luppi M, Morselli M, Potenza L, D’Apollo N, Torelli G. Helicobacter pylori in fection and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2002; 118: 1198-1199.

  80. Veneri D, Franchini M, Gottardi M, D’Adda M, Ambrosetti A, Krampera M, et al. Efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication in raising platelet count in adult patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Haematologica 2002; 87: 1177-1179.

  81. Veneri D, Krampera M, Franchini M. High prevalence of sustained remission of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after Helicobacter pylori eradication: a long-term followup study. Platelets 2005; 16: 117-119.

  82. Stasi R, Rossi Z, Stipa E, Amadori S, Newland AC, Provan D. Helicobacter pylori eradication in the management of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med 2005; 118: 414-419.

  83. Emilia G, Luppi M, Zucchini P, Morselli M, Potenza L, Forghieri F, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: long-term results of bacterium eradication and association with bacterium virulence profiles. Blood 2007; 110: 3833-3841.

  84. Scandellari R, Allemand E, Vettore S, Plebani M, Randi ML, Fabris F. Platelet response to Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in adult chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura seems to be related to the presence of anticytotoxin-associated gene A antibodies. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2009; 20: 108-113.

  85. Sayan O, Akyol Erikci A, Ozturk A. The efficacy of Helicobacter pylori Eradication in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura - The first study in Turkey. Acta Haematol 2006; 116: 146-149.

  86. Suvajdzic N, Stankovic B, Artiko V, Cvejic T, Bulat V, Bakrac M, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication can induce platelet recovery in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Platelets 2006; 17: 227-230.

  87. Jackson SC, Beck P, Buret AG, O’Connor PM, Meddings J, Pineo G, et al. Long term platelet responses to Helicobacter pylori eradication in Canadian patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Int J Hematol 2008; 88: 212-218.

  88. Stasi R, Sarpatwari A, Segal JB, Osborn J, Evangelista ML, Cooper N, et al. Effects of eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: A systematic review. Blood 2009; 113: 1231-1240.

  89. Jarque I, Andreu R, Llopis I, De la Rubia J, Gomis F, Senent L, et al. Absence of platelet response after eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2001; 115: 1002-1003.

  90. Michel M, Khellaf M, Desforges L, Lee K, Schaeffer A, Godeau B, et al. Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura and Helicobacter pylori infection. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1033-1036.

  91. Ahn ER, Tiede MP, Jy W, Bidot CJ, Fontana V, Ahn YS. Platelet activation in Helicobacter pylori-associated idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: eradication reduces platelet activation but seldom improves platelet counts. Acta Haematol 2006; 116: 19-24.

  92. Estrada-Gomez RA, Parra-Ortega I, Martinez- Barreda C, Ruiz-Arguelles GJ. Helicobacter pylori infection and thrombocytopenia: a single-institution experience in Mexico. Rev Invest Clin 2007; 59: 112-115.

  93. Jaing TH, Yang CP, Hung IJ, Chiu CH, Chang KW. Efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet recovery in children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Paediatr 2003; 92: 1153-1157.

  94. Hayashi H, Okuda M, Aoyagi N, Yoshiyama M, Miyashiro E, Kounami S, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Pediatr Int 2005; 47: 292-295.

  95. Hamidieh AA, Arzanian MT, Gachkar L, Pasha F. Helicobacter pylori infection in children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2008; 30: 96-97.

  96. Rajantie J, Klemola T. Helicobacter pylori and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Blood 2003; 101: 1660.

  97. Neefjes VM, Heijboer H, Tamminga RY. H. pylori infection in childhood chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Haematologica 2007; 92: 576.

  98. Ferrara M, Capozzi L, Russo R. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet count in children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematology 2009; 14: 282-285.

  99. Russo G, Miraglia V, Branciforte F, Matarese SM, Zecca M, Bisogno G, et al. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective, controlled, multicenter study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56: 273-278.

  100. Yetgin S, Demir H, Arslan D, Unal S, Kocak N. Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura and Helicobacter pylori infection effectivity during childhood. Am J Hematol 2005; 78: 318.

  101. Loffredo G, Marzano MG, Migliorati R, Miele E, Menna F, Poggi V, et al. The relationship between immune thrombocytopenic purpura and Helicobacter pylori infection in children: where is the truth? Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166: 1067-1068.

  102. Bisogno G, Errigo G, Rossetti F, Sainati L, Pusiol A, Da Dalt L, et al. The role of Helicobacter pylori in children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2008; 30: 53-57.

  103. Treepongkaruna S, Sirachainan N, Kanjanapongkul S, Winaichatsak A, Sirithorn S, Sumritsopak R, et al. Absence of platelet recovery following Helicobacter pylori eradication in childhood chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: A multi-center randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53: 72-77.

  104. Veres G, Karoczkai I, Bodanszky H, Marosi A, Magyarossi E, Dezsofi A, et al. [The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura]. Orv Hetil 2009; 150: 801-804.

  105. Harrington WJ, Minnich V, Hollingswworth JW, Moore CV. Demostration of a thrombocytopenic factor in the blood of patients with thrompocytopenic purpura. J Lab Clin Med 1951; 38: 1-10.

  106. Correa P, Piazuelo MB. Natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40: 490-496.

  107. Bai Y, Wang Z, Bai X, Yu Z, Cao L, Zhang W, et al. Cross-reaction of antibody against Helicobacter pylori urease B with platelet glycoprotein IIIa and its significance in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Int J Hematol 2009; 89: 142-149.

  108. Yamanishi S, Iizumi T, Watanabe E, Shimizu M, Kamiya S, Nagata K, et al. Implications for induction of autoimmunity via activation of B-1 cells by Helicobacter pylori urease. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 248-256.

  109. Pellicano R, Touscoz GA, Smedile A, Berrutti M, Saracco G, Repici A, et al. Prevalence of non-organ-specific autoantibodies in patients suffering from duodenal ulcer with and without Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig Dis Sci 2004; 49: 395-398.

  110. Kuwana M, Okazaki Y, Ikeda Y. Splenic macrophages maintain the anti-platelet autoimmune response via uptake of opsonized platelets in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 322-329.

  111. Suzuki H, Mori M, Seto K, Kai A, Kawaguchi C, Suzuki M, et al. Helicobacter pyloriassociated gastric pro- and antioxidant formation in Mongolian gerbils. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26: 679-684.

  112. Ferrero RL. Innate immune recognition of the extracellular mucosal pathogen, Helicobacter pylori. Mol Immunol 2005; 42: 879-885.

  113. Samuelsson A, Towers TL, Ravetch JV. Anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG mediated through the inhibitory Fc receptor. Science 2001; 291: 484-486.

  114. Liu XG, Ma SH, Sun JZ, Ren J, Shi Y, Sun L, et al. High-dose dexamethasone shifts the balance of stimulatory and inhibitory Fcgamma receptors on monocytes in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011; 117: 2061-2069.

  115. Byrne MF, Kerrigan SW, Corcoran PA, Atherton JC, Murray FE, Fitzgerald DJ, et al. Helicobacter pylori binds von Willebrand factor and interacts with GPIb to induce platelet aggregation. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 1846-1854.

  116. Bain BJ. Blood cells. A practical guide (ed 4th ed). Malden, Massachusetts USA: Blackwell Publishing; 2006.

  117. Campuzano-Maya G. Interpretación del hemograma automatizado: claves para una mejor utilización de la prueba. Medicina & Laboratorio 2013; 19 (1-2): 11-68.

  118. Saxon BR, Mody M, Blanchette VS, Freedman J. Reticulated platelet counts in the assessment of thrombocytopenic disorders. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1998; 424: 65-70.

  119. Thomas-Kaskel AK, Mattern D, Kohler G, Finke J, Behringer D. Reticulated platelet counts correlate with treatment response in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and help identify the complex causes of thrombocytopenia in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2007; 72: 241-248.

  120. Adly AA, Ragab IA, Ismail EA, Farahat MM. Evaluation of the immature platelet fraction in the diagnosis and prognosis of childhood immune thrombocytopenia. Platelets 2014: 1-6.

  121. Campuzano-Maya G. Interpretación del hemograma automatizado: claves para unna mejor utilización de la prueba. Medicina & Laboratorio 2013; 19: 11-68.

  122. Campuzano-Maya G. Trombocitopenia: más importante que encontrarla es saber porqué se presenta Medicina & Laboratorio 2007; 13: 111-125.

  123. Campuzano-Maya G. Evaluación del paciente con trombocitopenia. Medicina & Laboratorio 2007; 13: 411-435.

  124. British Society for Haematology. Guidelines for the investigation and management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults, children and in pregnancy. Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 574-596.

  125. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain C, Bazzoli F, El-Omar E, Graham D, et al. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht III Consensus Report. Gut 2007; 56: 772-781.

  126. Caselli M, Zullo A, Maconi G, Parente F, Alvisi V, Casetti T, et al. “Cervia II Working Group Report 2006”: Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in Italy. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39: 782-789.

  127. Kim N, Kim JJ, Choe YH, Kim HS, Kim JI, Chung IS. [Diagnosis and treatment guidelines for Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea]. Korean J Gastroenterol 2009; 54: 269-278.

  128. Fock KM, Katelaris P, Sugano K, Ang TL, Hunt R, Talley NJ, et al. Second Asia-Pacific Consensus Guidelines for Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24: 1587-1600.

  129. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain CA, Atherton J, Axon AT, Bazzoli F, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection--the Maastricht IV/Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012; 61: 646-664.

  130. Coelho LG, Maguinilk I, Zaterka S, Parente JM, Passos Mdo C, Moraes-Filho JP. 3th Brazilian Consensus on Helicobacter pylori. Arq Gastroenterol 2013; 50: 81-96.

  131. Gisbert JP, Calvet X, Bermejo F, Boixeda D, Bory F, Bujanda L, et al. [III Spanish Consensus Conference on Helicobacter pylori infection]. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 36: 340-374.

  132. Liu WZ, Xie Y, Cheng H, Lu NH, Hu FL, Zhang WD, et al. The Fourth Chinese National Consensus Report on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Dig Dis 2013; 104: 516-518.

  133. George JN, Woolf SH, Raskob GE, Wasser JS, Aledort LM, Ballem PJ, et al. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a practice guideline developed by explicit methods for the American Society of Hematology. Blood 1996; 88: 3-40.

  134. Portielje JE, Westendorp RG, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Brand A. Morbidity and mortality in adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2001; 97: 2549-2554.

  135. Bytzer P. Cost-effectiveness of gastroscopy. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 31: 749-760.

  136. Nelson DB. Infectious disease complications of GI endoscopy: Part I, endogenous infections. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 546-556.

  137. Nelson DB. Infectious disease complications of GI endoscopy: part II, exogenous infections. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 695-711.

  138. Watanabe K, Nagata N, Shimbo T, Nakashima R, Furuhata E, Sakurai T, et al. Accuracy of endoscopic diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection according to level of endoscopic experience and the effect of training. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13: 128.

  139. Thijs JC, van Zwet AA, Thijs WJ, Oey HB, Karrenbeld A, Stellaard F, et al. Diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori: a prospective evaluation of their accuracy, without selecting a single test as the gold standard. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 2125-2129.

  140. Logan RP, Dill S, Bauer FE, Walker MM, Hirschl AM, Gummett PA, et al. The European 13C-urea breath test for the detection of Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 3: 915-921.

  141. Gisbert JP, Pajares JM. Stool antigen test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review. Helicobacter 2004; 9: 347- 368.

  142. Ricci C, Holton J, Vaira D. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: invasive and non-invasive tests. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 21: 299-313.

  143. Campuzano-Maya G. Diagnóstico no-invasivo de Helicobacter pylori: ¿serología, prueba de aliento con 13C-urea o antígenos de Helicobacter pylori en materia fecal? Medicina & Laboratorio 2007; 13: 211-231.

  144. Graham DY, Klein PD, Evans DJ, Jr., Evans DG, Alpert LC, Opekun AR, et al. Campylobacter pylori detected noninvasively by the 13C-urea breath test. Lancet 1987; 1: 1174-1177.

  145. Ferrero RL, Hazell SL, Lee A. The urease enzymes of Campylobacter pylori and a related bacterium. J Med Microbiol 1988; 27: 33-40.

  146. el Nujumi AM, Dorrian CA, Chittajallu RS, Neithercut WD, McColl KE. Effect of inhibition of Helicobacter pylori urease activity by acetohydroxamic acid on serum gastrin in duodenal ulcer subjects. Gut 1991; 32: 866- 870.

  147. Logan RP. Urea breath tests in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 1998; 43 Suppl 1: S47-50.

  148. Campuzano-Maya G. Prueba de aliento optimizada con urea marcada con carbono 13 para la detección de Helicobacter pylori (PAU- 13C Hp®). Medicina & Laboratorio 2012; 18: 137-160.

  149. Delaney BC, Moayyedi P, Forman D. Initial management strategies for dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003: CD001961.

  150. Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks J, Delaney B, Harris A, Innes M, et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for non-ulcer dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: CD002096.

  151. Gisbert JP, Pajares JM. Review article: C-urea breath test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection, a critical review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20: 1001-1017.

  152. Koletzko S, Haisch M, Seeboth I, Braden B, Hengels K, Koletzko B, et al. Isotope-selective non-dispersive infrared spectrometry for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection with 13C-urea breath test. Lancet 1995; 345: 961-962.

  153. Domínguez-Muñoz JE, Leodolter A, Sauerbruch T, Malfertheiner P. A citric acid solution is an optimal test drink in the 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 1997; 40: 459-462.

  154. Leodolter A, Dominguez-Munoz JE, Von Arnim U, Malfertheiner P. Citric acid or orange juice for the 13C-urea breath test: the impact of pH and gastric emptying. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13: 1057-1062.

  155. Savarino V, Mela GS, Zentilin P, Bisso G, Pivari M, Mansi C, et al. Comparison of isotope ratio mass spectrometry and nondispersive isotope-selective infrared spectroscopy for 13C-urea breath test. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 1203-1208.

  156. Gisbert JP, Vazquez MA, Jimenez I, Cruzado AI, Carpio D, Del Castillo E, et al. 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection before treatment: is citric acid necessary? Dig Liver Dis 2000; 32: 20-24.

  157. Wong WM, Wong BC, Li TM, Wong KW, Cheung KL, Fung FM, et al. Twenty-minute 50 mg 13C-urea breath test without test meal for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in Chinese. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 1499-1504.

  158. Wong WM, Lam SK, Lai KC, Chu KM, Xia HH, Wong KW, et al. A rapid-release 50-mg tablet-based 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 253-257.

  159. Gatta L, Vakil N, Ricci C, Osborn JF, Tampieri A, Perna F, et al. A rapid, low-dose, 13C-urea tablet for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection before and after treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 793-798.

  160. Urita Y, Hike K, Torii N, Kikuchi Y, Kanda E, Kurakata H, et al. Breath sample collection through the nostril reduces false-positive results of 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig Liver Dis 2004; 36: 661-665.

  161. Peng NJ, Lai KH, Liu RS, Lee SC, Tsay DG, Lo CC, et al. Capsule 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 1361-1364.

  162. Kopacova M, Bures J, Vorisek V, Konstacky M, Rejchrt S, Zivny P, et al. Comparison of different protocols for 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in healthy volunteers. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2005; 65: 491-498.

  163. Gatta L, Ricci C, Tampieri A, Osborn J, Perna F, Bernabucci V, et al. Accuracy of breath tests using low doses of 13C-urea to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomised contled trial. Gut 2006; 55: 457-462.

  164. Campuzano-Maya G. An optimized 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of H pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 5454- 5464.

  165. Talley NJ, Vakil N, Practice Parameters Committe of the American College of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for the management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2324-2337.

  166. Campuzano-Maya G. Prueba de aliento con 13C-urea para Helicobacter pylori. Utilidad clínica e indicaciones. Medicina & Laboratorio 1998; 8: 607-626.

  167. Karpatkin S. Autoimmune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 1997; 349: 1531-1536.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com