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Medicina & Laboratorio

2013, Number 07-08

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Medicina & Laboratorio 2013; 19 (07-08)

Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women: diagnosis and prophylaxis

López VJA, Campuzano MG

Language: Spanish
References: 219
Page: 311-336
PDF size: 921.99 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B Streptococci, is the main bacterium that causes early-onset invasive neonatal disease. Approximately 10% to 63% of fetuses acquire the bacteria during birth if pregnant women have recto-vaginal colonization with group B Streptococci; around 2% of the exposed newborns develop an invasive disease, and the mortality rate is approximately 2% to 3% in term infants, and up to 20% in premature infants. It has been shown that intrapartum antibiotics can prevent the transmissions, and consequently it often avoids that the neonate suffers from the disease. In fact, such practice has decreased the incidence of early-onset group B streptococcal disease in the United States; its national incidence has declined from an estimated 1.7 cases per 1000 live births in 1990 to 0.3 cases per 1000 live births in 2003. As consequence, screening of pregnant women is recommended; the standard method to identify pregnant women colonized with the bacteria is the recto-vaginal culture for group B Streptococci at 35-37 weeks of gestation. Accordingly, clinical laboratories must be prepared to offer the appropriate diagnostic techniques, and the physicians should incorporate into their daily routine the universal screening as well as chemoprophylaxis of pregnant women colonized Streptococcus agalactiae. This review article includes a general overview of colonization by S. agalactiae on pregnant women, the diagnosis of the colonization, its treatment, and prevention of early-onset invasive neonatal disease.


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