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2018, Number 3

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Aten Fam 2018; 25 (3)

Evidence for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza in Adults

Prado CH, Prado AA

Language: Spanish
References: 78
Page: 118-122
PDF size: 156.16 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease; in humans, influenza A or B viruses are responsible for outbreaks and epidemics, with significant morbidity and mortality.
From the clinical and epidemiological context, and through laboratory tests, the diagnosis of influenza can be established. In some cases, treatment with antiviral therapy based on a neuraminidase inhibitor may shorten the duration of the symptoms, in addition to reducing the complications particularly in immunocompromised individuals or at high risk of complications.


REFERENCES

  1. Cuitláhuac RM, Pablo KM, José NR. Comportamiento de las temporadas de influenza en México de 2010 a 2016, análisis y prospectiva. Gac Med Mex. 2017;153:205-213.

  2. Raphael D, Martin SH, and Thorner AR. Clinical manifestations of seasonal influenza in adults. UpToDate [internet. Consultado el 15 de octubre de 2015]. Disponible en: http://www. uptodate. com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-seasonalinfluenza- in-adults

  3. Thompson, MG, et al. Estimates of deaths associated with seasonal influenza-United States, 1976- 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2010;59(33):1057-62.

  4. Prevention CfDCa. Weekly U.S. Influenza Surveillance Report: U.S. Virologic Surveillance [internet. Consultado el 15 de octubre de 2015]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/

  5. Epidemiología DGd. Informe semanal Temporada de Influenza 2017-2018/Semana 16 [internet. Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/ file/323002/INFLUENZA_2018_SE18.pdf

  6. Angelique MN., et al. The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs. Vaccine. 2007;25(27):5086-96.

  7. Richard VL. Transmission of influenza A in human beings. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2007;7(12):760-61.

  8. Flannery B, Clippard J, Zimmerman RK, Nowalk MP, Jackson ML, Jackson, LA. Early estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness-United States, January 2015. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2015;64(1):10-15.

  9. Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, & Belongia EA. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2012;12(1):36-44.

  10. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Immunization of health-care personnel: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (acip). mmwr. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports. 2011;60(rr-7):1.

  11. Memoli MJ, Athota R, Reed S, Czajkowski L, Bristol T, Proudfoot K. The natural history of influenza infection in the severely immunocompromised vs nonimmunocompromised hosts. Clinical infectious diseases. 2013;58(2):214-24.

  12. Ebell MH, Afonso A. “A systematic review of clinical decision rules for the diagnosis of influenza”. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2011;9(1): 69- 77.

  13. Michael BR, Sandra B, and David NR. Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy. Annals of internal medicine. 2003;139(5):321-329.

  14. Monto AS, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Colopy M, & Schweinle J. Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection. Archives of internal medicine. 2000;160(21): 3243-47.

  15. Boivin G, Hardy I, Tellier G, & Maziade J. Predicting influenza infections during epidemics with use of a clinical case definition. Clinical infectious diseases. 2000;31(5):1166-1169.

  16. Stein J, Louie J, Flanders S, Maselli J, Hacker, JK, Drew WL, & Gonzales R. Performance characteristics of clinical diagnosis, a clinical decision rule, and a rapid influenza test in the detection of influenza infection in a community sample of adults. Annals of emergency medicine. 2005;46(5):412-19.

  17. Dugas AF, Valsamakis A, Atreya MR, Thind K, Manchego PA, Faisal A. Clinical diagnosis of influenza in the ED. The American journal of emergency medicine. 2015;46(5):770-75.

  18. Raphael D. Diagnosis of seasonal influenza in adults [internet. Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/ contents/diagnosis-of-seasonal-influenza-in-adults

  19. Renee RK, and Michael E. Klepser. A systematic review of rapid diagnostic tests for influenza: considerations for the community pharmacist. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2017;57(1):13-19.

  20. Mark HE. Diagnosing and treating patients with suspected influenza. American family physician. 2005;72(9):1789.

  21. Harper SA, Bradley JS, Englund JA, File TM, Gravenstein S, Hayden FG. Seasonal influenza in adults and children —diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases. 2009:1003-1032.

  22. Rybak, MJ, Aeschlimann JR, and LaPlante KL. Laboratory tests to direct antimicrobial pharmacotherapy. Dipiro JT, 7th edition, United States: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008.

  23. Merckx J, Wali R, Schiller I, Caya C, Gore GC, Chartrand C. Diagnostic accuracy of novel and traditional rapid tests for influenza infection compared with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine. 2017:167(6):394- 409.

  24. Chartrand C, Leeflang MM, Minion J, Brewer T, & Pai M. Accuracy of rapid influenza diagnostic tests: a meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine. 2012;156(7):500-511.

  25. Ville TP., Murti KG, and Jonathan AM. “Influenza virus neuraminidase contributes to secondary bacterial pneumonia”. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2005;192(2):249-57.

  26. Zachary, KC. Treatment of seasonal influenza in adults. UpToDate, Waltham, MA [internet. Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-ofseasonal- influenza-in-adults.

  27. Cooper NJ, Sutton AJ, Abrams KR, Wailoo A, Turner D & Nicholson KG. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in treatment and prevention of influenza A and B: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. bmj. 2003;326(7401):1235.

  28. Dobson J, Whitley RJ, Pocock S, & Monto AS. Oseltamivir treatment for influenza in adults: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet. 2015:385(9979):1729-1737.

  29. Jefferson T, Demicheli V, Rivetti D, Jones M, Di Pietrantonj C, & Rivetti A. Antivirals for influenza in healthy adults: systematic review. The Lancet. 2006.367(9507): 303-313.

  30. Treanor JJ, Hayden FG, Vrooman PS, Barbarash R, Bettis R, Riff D. Efficacy and safety of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza: a randomized controlled trial. jama. 2000;283(8):1016-24.

  31. Miguel AH, Marc L. Oseltamivir and risk of lower respiratory tract complications in patients with flu symptoms: a meta-analysis of eleven randomized clinical trials. Clinical infectious diseases. 2011;53(3):277-79.

  32. Muthuri SG, Venkatesan S, Myles PR, Leonardi- Bee J, Al Khuwaitir TS, Al Mamun A. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. The lancet Respiratory medicine. 2014;2(5):395-404.

  33. Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, Spencer EA, Onakpoya I, & Heneghan CJ. Oseltamivir for influenza in adults and children: systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comments. BMJ. 2014;348,g2545.

  34. Heneghan CJ, Onakpoya I, Thompson M, Spencer, EA, Jones M, & Jefferson T. Zanamivir for influenza in adults and children: systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comments. BMJ. 2014;348,g2547.

  35. Mark HE. WHO downgrades status of oseltamivir. BMJ. 2017;358,j3266.

  36. Kmietowicz Zosia. Who downgrades oseltamivir on drugs list after reviewing evidence. bmj. 2017;357,j2841.

  37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza antiviral medications: summary for clinicians [internet. Consultado el 22 de mayo de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/ professionals/antivirals/summary-clinicians.htm

  38. Fiore AE, Fry A, Shay D, Gubareva L, Bresee JS, Uyeki TM. Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza —recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (acip). mmwr Recomm Rep. 2011;60(1):1-24.

  39. Dirección General de Epidemiología. Manual para la Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Influenza. Secretaría de Salud [internet. Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/ professionals/antivirals/summary-clinicians.htm

  40. Cuitláhuac RM, Pablo KM, José NR. Comportamiento de las temporadas de influenza en México de 2010 a 2016, análisis y prospectiva. Gac Med Mex. 2017;153:205-213.

  41. Raphael D, Martin SH, and Thorner AR. Clinical manifestations of seasonal influenza in adults. UpToDate [internet. Consultado el 15 de octubre de 2015]. Disponible en: http://www. uptodate. com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-seasonalinfluenza- in-adults

  42. Thompson, MG, et al. Estimates of deaths associated with seasonal influenza-United States, 1976- 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2010;59(33):1057-62.

  43. Prevention CfDCa. Weekly U.S. Influenza Surveillance Report: U.S. Virologic Surveillance [internet. Consultado el 15 de octubre de 2015]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/

  44. Epidemiología DGd. Informe semanal Temporada de Influenza 2017-2018/Semana 16 [internet. Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/ file/323002/INFLUENZA_2018_SE18.pdf

  45. Angelique MN., et al. The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs. Vaccine. 2007;25(27):5086-96.

  46. Richard VL. Transmission of influenza A in human beings. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2007;7(12):760-61.

  47. Flannery B, Clippard J, Zimmerman RK, Nowalk MP, Jackson ML, Jackson, LA. Early estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness-United States, January 2015. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2015;64(1):10-15.

  48. Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, & Belongia EA. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2012;12(1):36-44.

  49. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Immunization of health-care personnel: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (acip). mmwr. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports. 2011;60(rr-7):1.

  50. Memoli MJ, Athota R, Reed S, Czajkowski L, Bristol T, Proudfoot K. The natural history of influenza infection in the severely immunocompromised vs nonimmunocompromised hosts. Clinical infectious diseases. 2013;58(2):214-24.

  51. Ebell MH, Afonso A. “A systematic review of clinical decision rules for the diagnosis of influenza”. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2011;9(1): 69- 77.

  52. Michael BR, Sandra B, and David NR. Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy. Annals of internal medicine. 2003;139(5):321-329.

  53. Monto AS, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Colopy M, & Schweinle J. Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection. Archives of internal medicine. 2000;160(21): 3243-47.

  54. Boivin G, Hardy I, Tellier G, & Maziade J. Predicting influenza infections during epidemics with use of a clinical case definition. Clinical infectious diseases. 2000;31(5):1166-1169.

  55. Stein J, Louie J, Flanders S, Maselli J, Hacker, JK, Drew WL, & Gonzales R. Performance characteristics of clinical diagnosis, a clinical decision rule, and a rapid influenza test in the detection of influenza infection in a community sample of adults. Annals of emergency medicine. 2005;46(5):412-19.

  56. Dugas AF, Valsamakis A, Atreya MR, Thind K, Manchego PA, Faisal A. Clinical diagnosis of influenza in the ED. The American journal of emergency medicine. 2015;46(5):770-75.

  57. Raphael D. Diagnosis of seasonal influenza in adults [internet. Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/ contents/diagnosis-of-seasonal-influenza-in-adults

  58. Renee RK, and Michael E. Klepser. A systematic review of rapid diagnostic tests for influenza: considerations for the community pharmacist. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2017;57(1):13-19.

  59. Mark HE. Diagnosing and treating patients with suspected influenza. American family physician. 2005;72(9):1789.

  60. Harper SA, Bradley JS, Englund JA, File TM, Gravenstein S, Hayden FG. Seasonal influenza in adults and children —diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases. 2009:1003-1032.

  61. Rybak, MJ, Aeschlimann JR, and LaPlante KL. Laboratory tests to direct antimicrobial pharmacotherapy. Dipiro JT, 7th edition, United States: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008.

  62. Merckx J, Wali R, Schiller I, Caya C, Gore GC, Chartrand C. Diagnostic accuracy of novel and traditional rapid tests for influenza infection compared with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine. 2017:167(6):394- 409.

  63. Chartrand C, Leeflang MM, Minion J, Brewer T, & Pai M. Accuracy of rapid influenza diagnostic tests: a meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine. 2012;156(7):500-511.

  64. Ville TP., Murti KG, and Jonathan AM. “Influenza virus neuraminidase contributes to secondary bacterial pneumonia”. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2005;192(2):249-57.

  65. Zachary, KC. Treatment of seasonal influenza in adults. UpToDate, Waltham, MA [internet. Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-ofseasonal- influenza-in-adults.

  66. Cooper NJ, Sutton AJ, Abrams KR, Wailoo A, Turner D & Nicholson KG. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in treatment and prevention of influenza A and B: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. bmj. 2003;326(7401):1235.

  67. Dobson J, Whitley RJ, Pocock S, & Monto AS. Oseltamivir treatment for influenza in adults: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet. 2015:385(9979):1729-1737.

  68. Jefferson T, Demicheli V, Rivetti D, Jones M, Di Pietrantonj C, & Rivetti A. Antivirals for influenza in healthy adults: systematic review. The Lancet. 2006.367(9507): 303-313.

  69. Treanor JJ, Hayden FG, Vrooman PS, Barbarash R, Bettis R, Riff D. Efficacy and safety of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza: a randomized controlled trial. jama. 2000;283(8):1016-24.

  70. Miguel AH, Marc L. Oseltamivir and risk of lower respiratory tract complications in patients with flu symptoms: a meta-analysis of eleven randomized clinical trials. Clinical infectious diseases. 2011;53(3):277-79.

  71. Muthuri SG, Venkatesan S, Myles PR, Leonardi- Bee J, Al Khuwaitir TS, Al Mamun A. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. The lancet Respiratory medicine. 2014;2(5):395-404.

  72. Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, Spencer EA, Onakpoya I, & Heneghan CJ. Oseltamivir for influenza in adults and children: systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comments. BMJ. 2014;348,g2545.

  73. Heneghan CJ, Onakpoya I, Thompson M, Spencer, EA, Jones M, & Jefferson T. Zanamivir for influenza in adults and children: systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comments. BMJ. 2014;348,g2547.

  74. Mark HE. WHO downgrades status of oseltamivir. BMJ. 2017;358,j3266.

  75. Kmietowicz Zosia. Who downgrades oseltamivir on drugs list after reviewing evidence. bmj. 2017;357,j2841.

  76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza antiviral medications: summary for clinicians [internet. Consultado el 22 de mayo de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/ professionals/antivirals/summary-clinicians.htm

  77. Fiore AE, Fry A, Shay D, Gubareva L, Bresee JS, Uyeki TM. Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza —recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (acip). mmwr Recomm Rep. 2011;60(1):1-24.

  78. Dirección General de Epidemiología. Manual para la Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Influenza. Secretaría de Salud [internet. Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/ professionals/antivirals/summary-clinicians.htm




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