Alegría-Loyola MA, Galnares-Olalde JA, Mercado M

Language: Spanish
References: 67
Page: 330-340
PDF size: 333.72 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that share a considerable morbidity and mortality rate. Recent advances in the underlying oncogenic mechanisms of these tumors have led to new classification systems, which, in turn, allow for a better diagnostic approach and therapeutic planning. Most of these neoplasms occur sporadically and several risk factors have been found to be associated with their development, such as exposure to ionizing radiation or electromagnetic fields and the concomitant presence of conditions like diabetes, hypertension and Parkinson’s disease. A relatively minor proportion of primary CNS tumors occur in the context of hereditary syndromes. The purpose of this review is to analyze the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and therapy of CNS tumors with particular emphasis in the putative risk factors mentioned above.

REFERENCES

1. Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS). CBTRUS Fact sheet 2016. CBTRUS; 2016. Disponible en http://www.cbtrus.org/factsheet/ factsheet.html

2. De Robles P, Fiest KM, Frolkis AD, Pringsheim T, Atta C, St Germaine-Smith C, et al. The worldwide incidence and prevalence of primary brain tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuro Oncol. 2015 Jun;17(6):776-83.

3. Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, de Blank PM, Finlay JL, Gurney JG, McKean-Cowdin R, et al. American Brain Tumor Association Adolescent and Young Adult Primary Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2008- 2012. Neuro Oncol. 2016 Jan;18 Suppl 1:i1-i50.

4. Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Fulop J, Liu M, Blanda R, Kromer C, et al. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2008-2012. Neuro Oncol. 2015 Oct;17 Suppl 4:iv1-iv62.

5. Nayak L, Lee EQ, Wen PY. Epidemiology of brain metastases. Curr Oncol Rep. 2012 Feb;14(1):48-54.

6. Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G, von Deimling A, Figarella-Branger D, Cavenee WK, et al. The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Acta Neuropathol. 2016 Jun;131(6):803-20.

7. Verhaak RG1, Hoadley KA, Purdom E, Wang V, Qi Y, Wilkerson MD, et al; Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell. 2010 Jan 19;17(1): 98-110.

8. Cogliano VJ, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Lauby- Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, et al. Preventable exposures associated with human cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Dec 21;103(24):1827-39.

9. Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, McHugh K, Lee C, Kim KP, et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2012 Aug 4;380(9840):499-505.

10. Berrington de Gonzalez A, Curtis RE, Kry SF, Gilbert E, Lamart S, Berg CD, et al. Proportion of second cancers attributable to radiotherapy treatment in adults: a cohort study in the US SEER cancer registries. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12(4):353-60.

11. The INTERPHONE Study Group. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case–control study. Int J Epidemiol. 2010; 39(3):675-94.

12. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Söderqvist F, Mild KH. Casecontrol study of the association between malignant brain tumors diagnosed between 2007 and 2009 and mobile and cordless phone use. Int Jour Onc. 2013; 43: 1833-45.

13. Benson VS, Pirie K, Schüz J, Reeves GK, Beral V, Green J, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of brain neoplasms and other cancers: prospective study. Int Jour Epidemiol. 2013; 1-11.

14. Lacourt A, Cardis E, Pintos J, Richardson L, Kincl L, Benke G, et al. INTEROCC case-control study: lack of association between glioma tumors and occupational exposure to selected combustion products, dusts and other chemical agents. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:340.

15. Ricard D, Idbaih A, Ducray F, Lahutte M, Hoang- Xuan K, Delattre JY., et al. Primary brain tumors in adults. Lancet. 2012;379:1984-96.

16. McCarthy BJ, Rankin KM, Aldape K, Bondy ML, Brännström T, Broholm H, et al. Risk factors for oligodendroglial tumors: a pooled international study. Neuro Oncol. 2011; 13(2):242-50.

17. Wang PF, Ji WJ, Zhang XH, Li SW, Yan CX. Inverse association between eczema and meningioma: a metaanalysis. Cancer Cause Control. 2011;22(10):1355-63.

18. Triplett TA, Curti BD, Bonafede PR, Miller WL, Walker EB, Weinberg AD. Defining a functionally distinct subset of human memory CD4 T cells that are CD- 25pos and FOXP3neg. Eur J Immunol. 2012;42: 1893-905.

19. Xie L, Mo M, Jia HX, Liang F, Yuan J, Zhu J. Association between dietary nitrate and nitrite intake and sitespecific cancer risk: evidence from observational studies. Oncotarget. 2016 Aug 30;7(35):56915-32.

20. Mandelzweig L, Novikov I, Sadetzki S. Smoking and risk of glioma: a meta-analysis. Cancer Cause Control. 2009; 20(10):1927-38.

21. Kitahara CM, Wang SS, Melin BS, Wang Z, Braganza M, Inskip PD, et al. Association between adult height, genetic susceptibility and risk of glioma. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(4):1075-85.

22. Shao C, Bai LP, Qi ZY, Hui GZ, Wang Z. Overweight, obesity and meningioma risk: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(2): e90167.

23. Harder T, Plagemann A, Harder A. Birth Weight and Subsequent Risk of Childhood Primary Brain Tumors: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168 (4):366-73.

24. Tong JJ, Tao H, Hui OT, Jian C. Diabetes mellitus and risk of brain tumors: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med. 2012;4(5):877-82.

25. Edlinger M, Strohmaier S, Jonsson H, Bjørge T, Manjer J, Borena WT, et al. Blood pressure and other metabolic syndrome factors and risk of brain tumour in the large population-based Me-Can cohort study. J Hypertens. 2012; 30(2):290-6.

26. Ong EL, Goldacre R, Goldacre M. Differential risks of cancer types in people with Parkinson’s disease: a national record-linkage study. Eur J Cancer. 2014; 50(14):2456-62.

27. Shiels MS, Cole SR, Kirk GD, Poole C. A meta-analysis of the incidence of non-AIDS cancers in HIVinfected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(5):611-22.

28. Qi ZY, Shao C, Huang YL, Hui GZ, Zhou YX, Wang Z. Reproductive and exogenous hormone factors in relation to risk of meningioma in women: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(12): e83261.

29. Qi ZY, Shao C, Zhang X, Hui GZ, Wang Z. Exogenous and endogenous hormones in relation to glioma in women: a meta-analysis of 11 case-control studies. PLoS One. 2013;8(7): e68695.

30. Johansson G, Andersson A, Melin B. Recent developments in genetic predisposition syndromes. Acta Oncol. 2015; 1-11.

31. Stefanaki K, Alexiou G, Stefanaki C, Prodromou N. Tumors of central and peripheral nervous system associated with inherited genetic syndromes. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2012; (48): 271-85.

32. Farrel C, Plotkin S. Genetic cause of brain tumors: neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau, and other syndromes. Neurol Clin. 2007;(25):926-46.

33. Hemminki K, Tretli S, Olsen JH, Tryggvadottir L, Pukkala E, Sundquist J. Familial risks in nervous system tumours: joint Nordic study. Br J Cancer. 2010;102 (12):1786-90.

34. Hemminki K, Tretli S, Sundquist J, Johannesen TB, Granström C. Familial risks in nervous-system tumours: a histology-specific analysis from Sweden and Norway. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(5):481-8.

35. Masui K, Cloughesy TF, Mischel PS. Molecular pathology in adult high-grade gliomas: from molecular diagnostics to target therapies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2012; 38(3):271-91.

36. Chandana SR, Movva S, Arora M, Singh T. Primary Brain tumors in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(10):1423-30.

37. Chang SM, Parney IF, Huang W, Anderson FA Jr, Asher AL, Bernstein M, et al; For the Glioma Outcomes Project Investigators. Patterns of care for adults with newly diagnosed malignant glioma. JAMA. 2005;293(5):557-64.

38. Forsyth PA, Posner JB. Headaches in patients with brain tumors: a study of 111 patients. Neurology. 1993; 43:1678.

39. Keane JR. Neurologic symptoms mistaken for gastrointestinal disease. Neurology. 1998;50:1189.

40. Lote K, Stenwig AE, Skullerud K, Hirschberg H. Prevalence and prognostic significance of epilepsy in patients with gliomas. Eur J Cancer. 1998;34:98.

41. Gutin PH, Posner JB. Neuro-oncology: diagnosis and management of cerebral gliomas--past, present, and future. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:1.

42. Anderson MD, Colen RR, Tremont-Lukats IW. Imaging mimics of primary malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Curr Oncol Rep. 2014;16:399.

43. Chourmouzi D, Papadopoulou E, Marias K, Drevelegas A. Imaging of Brain tumors. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2014;23(4):629-84.

44. Scott JN, Brasher PM, Sevick RJ, Rewcastle NB, Forsyth PA. How often are nonenhancing supratentorial gliomas malignant? A population study. Neurology. 2002;59:947.

45. Pope WB, Prins RM, Albert Thomas M, Nagarajan R, Yen KE, Bittinger MA, et al. Non-invasive detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate and other metabolites in IDH1 mutant glioma patients using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neurooncol 2012; 107(1):197-205.

46. Burtscher IM, Skagerberg G, Geijer B, Englund E, Ståhlberg F, Holtås S. Proton MR spectroscopy and preoperative diagnostic accuracy: an evaluation of intracranial mass lesions characterized by stereotactic biopsy findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000; 21:84-93.

47. Choi C, Ganji SK, DeBerardinis RJ, Hatanpaa KJ, Rakheja D, Kovacs Z, et al. 2-hydroxyglutarate detection by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in IDHmutated patients with gliomas. Nat Med. 2012 Jan 26;18(4):624-9.

48. Batchelor TT, Sorensen AG, di Tomaso E, Zhang WT, Duda DG, Cohen KS , et al. AZD2171, a pan- VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, normalizes tumor vasculature and alleviates edema in glioblastoma patients. Cancer Cell. 2007 Jan;11(1):83-95.

49. Ma J, Su S, Yue S, Zhao Y, Li Y, Chen X, Ma H, et al. Preoperative Visualization of Cranial Nerves in Skull Base Tumor Surgery Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging Technology. Turk Neurosurg. 2016;26(6):805-12.

50. Elder JB, Lonser RR. Computed tomography perfusion imaging for the assessment of brain tumors. World Neurosurg. 2014;82(6):e723-4.

51. Wong ET, Jackson EF, Hess KR, Schomer DF, Hazle JD, Kyritsis AP, et al. Correlation between dynamic MRI and outcome in patients with malignant gliomas. Neurology.1998; 50:777-81.

52. Panigrahi M, Chandrasekhar YB, Vooturi S, Ram GA, Rammohan VS. Surgical Resection of Insular Gliomas and the Role of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography-Single Surgeon Experience. World Neurosurg. 2017 Feb;98:587-593.

53. Segtnan EA, Hess S, Grupe P, Høilund-Carlsen PF. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography for primary brain tumors. PET Clin. 2015;10(1):59-73.

54. Kim MM, Parolia A, Dunphy MP, Venneti S. Noninvasive metabolic imaging of brain tumours in the era of precision medicine. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016 Dec;13(12):725-39.

55. Sun D, Liu Q, Liu W, Hu W. Clinical application of 201Tl SPECT imaging of brain tumors. J Nucl Med. 2000;41(1):5-10.

56. National Cancer Institute. SEER Training Modules, Module Name. U. S. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Disponible en https:// training.seer.cancer.gov/

57. Pruit A. Medical management of patients with Brain tumors. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015; 21(2 Neuro-oncology):314-31.

58. Kerrigan S, Grant R. Antiepileptic drugs for treating seizures in adults with Brain tumors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(8):CD008586

59. Prabhu VC, Khaldi A, Barton KP, Melian E, Schneck MJ, Primeau MJ, et al. Management of diffuse lowgrade cerebral gliomas. Neurol Clin. 2010;28(4): 1037-59.

60. Bauman GS, Cairncross JG. Multidisciplinary management of adult anaplastic oligodendrogliomas and anaplastic mixed oligo-astrocytomas. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2001;11(2):170-80.

61. Deekonda P, Bernstein M. Decision making, bias, and low grade glioma. Can J Neurol Sci. 2011; 38 (2):193-4.

62. Ryu S, Buatti JM, Morris A, Kalkanis SN, Ryken TC, Olson JJ, et al. The role of radiotherapy in the management of progressive glioblastoma: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol. 2014; 118 (3):489-99.

63. Stupp R, Tonn JC, Brada M, Pentheroudakis G; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. High-grade malignant glioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2010; 21 Suppl 5:v190-3.

64. Herbert C, Williams M, Sawyer H, Greenslade M, Cornes P, Hopkins K. Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme with Radiotherapy and Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide: Translation of Randomised Controlled Trial Evidence into Routine Clinical Practice. Clin Oncol. 2011;23(5):372-3.

65. Rinne ML, Lee EQ, Nayak L. Update on bevacizumab and other angiogenesis inhibitors for brain cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2013;18(2):137-53.

66. Pogorzala M, Styczynski J, Wysocki M. Survival and prognostic factors in children with brain tumors: long-term follow-up single center study in Poland. Anticancer Res. 2014; 34(1):323-6.

67. Lv S, Dai C, Liu Y, Shi R, Tang Z, Han M, et al. The impact of surviving on prognosis and clinicopathology of glioma patients: a systematic meta-analysis. Mol Neurobiol. 2015; 51(3):1462-7.