2017, Número 3
<< Anterior Siguiente >>
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2017; 55 (3)
¿Qué tan segura es la hormona de crecimiento humana recombinante?
Calzada-León R
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 112
Paginas: 341-352
Archivo PDF: 354.71 Kb.
RESUMEN
Se revisan diferentes aspectos relacionados con la seguridad
del uso de la hormona de crecimiento humana recombinante
en niños, tales como su tipificación como un medicamento
biosintético, las fases que es necesario realizar en nuestro
país para verificar su seguridad (obtención, purificación, etapa
preclínica, estudios clínicos experimentales y finalmente estudios
clínicos observacionales) y se expone la evidencia que
existe en relación con la asociación de hipertensión intracraneana,
eventos musculares, escoliosis, deslizamiento de la
cabeza femoral, apnea obstructiva del sueño, pancreatitis,
alteraciones en cortisol, modificaciones de las hormonas tiroideas,
enfermedad cardiovascular, riesgo metabólico, mortalidad
y cáncer, eventos adversos no relacionados con su uso,
y finalmente dosificación y seguridad.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Ross RJ, Buchanan CR. Growth hormone secretion: its regulation and the influence of nutritional factors. Nutr Res Rev. 1990 Jan;3(1):143-62.
Perrini S, Carreira MC, Conserva A, Laviola L, Giorgino F. Metabolic implications of growth hormone therapy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008 Sep;31(9 Suppl):79-84.
Giustina A, Mazziotti G, Canalis E. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr Rev. 2008 Aug;29(5):535-59.
Perrini S, Laviola L, Carreira MC, Cignarelli A, Natalicchio A, Giorgino F. The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis. J Endocrinol. 2010 Jun;205(3):201-10.
Lindholm J. Growth hormone: historical notes. Pituitary. 2006;9(1):5-10.
Ayyar VS. History of growth hormone therapy. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Sep;15 Suppl 3:S162-5.
Calzada-León R, Dorantes AL, Barrientos M. Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Mexicana de Endocrinología Pediátrica, A.C., para el uso de hormona de crecimiento en niños y adolescentes. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2005;62:362-74.
Takeda A, Cooper K, Bird A, Baxter L, Frampton GK, Gospodarevskaya E, et al. Recombinant human growth hormone for the treatment of growth disorders in children: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2010 Sep;14(42):1-209, iii-iv.
Richmond E, Rogol AD. Current indications for growth hormone therapy for children and adolescents. Endocr Dev. 2010;18:92-108.
Loche S, Carta L, Ibba A, Guzzetti C. Growth hormone treatment in non-growth hormone-deficient children. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Mar;19(1):1-7.
Pfäffle R. Hormone replacement therapy in children: The use of growth hormone and IGF-I. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun;29(3):339-52.
Collegi de Farmacèutics de Barcelona. Medicamento. ¿Qué es? Girona, Barcelona, España; 2017. Disponible en http://www.farmaceuticonline.com/es/ el-medicamento/630-medicamento-ique-es?showall=1
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Human growth hormone (Somatotropin) for the treatment of growth failure in children. NICE technology appraisal guidance 188. Disponible en http://www. nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12992/48715/48715.pdf
Cabral de Barros A. Las Políticas Farmacéuticas: ¿Al servicio de los sistemas de salud?. UNESCO; 2004. pp. 21-36.
Vernengo M, Pérez J. Análisis de legislación comparada de medicamentos. Revisión y análisis de la legislación vigente en los países objeto de estudio.1992. Disponible en www.trantor.sisib.uchile.cl/bdigital
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Escuela de Salud Pública. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Legislación y Regulación de Medicamentos. Córdoba, Argentina. Disponible en www.cfe-fcm.unc.edu.ar
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. IV Conferencia Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica. República Dominicana; 2005.
Mills JL1, Schonberger LB, Wysowski DK, Brown P, Durako SJ, Cox C, et al. Long-term mortality in the United States cohort of pituitary-derived growth hormone recipients. J Pediatr. 2004 Apr;144(4):430-6.
Glasbrenner K. Technology spurt resolves growth hormone problem, ends shortage (Medical News). JAMA. 1986 Feb 7;255(5):581-4, 587.
Collett-Solberg PF1, Misra M; Drug and Therapeutics Committee of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. The role of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I in treating children with short stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jan;93 (1):10-8.
Bakke Ol, Carné Cladellas X, Garcia Alonso F. Ensayos clínicos con medicamentos. Investigación y desarrollo de nuevos fármacos. Primera Edición. Barcelona: DOYMA; 1994.; 1994.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Regulación de Productos Biológicos y Biotecnológicos en Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Junio de 2008.
Angell M. The truth about the drug companies. The New York Review of Books. 2004:52-57.
Growth Hormone Research Society. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in childhood and adolescence: summary statement of the GH Research Society. GH Research Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Nov;85(11):3990-3.
Rudge P, Jaumuktane Z, Adlard P, Bjurstrom N, Caine D, Lowe J, et al. Iatrogenic CJD due to pituitary- derived growth hormone with genetically determined incubation times of up to 40 years. Brain. 2015 Nov;138(Pt 11):3386-99.
Richmond E, Rogol AD. Current indications for growth hormone therapy for children and adolescents. Richmond E1, Rogol AD. Endocr Dev. 2010;18:92-108.
Téllez-Pérez A. Analisis de la normatividad nacional e internacional en estudios de estabilidad de medicamentos [Tesis]. México: UNAM; 2004.
Yahni ZC, Segú Tolsa L, Font Pous M, Rovira J. La regulación de los medicamentos: teoría y práctica. Gac Sanit. 1998;12:39-49.
World Health Organization (WHO). Technical Report Series, No. 992. Annex 4. General guidance on hold-time studies. WHO; 2015.
Collett-Solberg PF. Update in growth hormone therapy of children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Mar; 96(3):573-9.
Ramírez-Herrera R, Soto Ruíz NE; Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS). Estudios Pre-clínicos y clínicos. Disponible en www.cofepris.gob.mx/AS/Documents/ RegistroSanitarioMedicamentos/estructura de expedientes/ 11 estudios pre y clinicos.pdf
Ley General de Salud. Artículo 167 de Fracción I inciso C del Reglamento de Insumos Para la Salud. Distrito Federal, México: Diario Oficial de la Federación: 7 de febrero de 1984. Disponible en http:// www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lgs.htm
Ley General de Salud. Artículos 62, 65, 66, 67. Capítulo II: De la investigación Farmacológica del Reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en Materia de Investigación en Materia de Salud. Disponible en http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lgs.htm
Bell J, Parker KL, Swinford RD, Hoffman AR, Maneatis T, Lippe B. Long-term safety of recombinant human growth hormone in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jan;95(1):167-77.
Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS). Medicamentos biotecnológicos de referencia. [Última fecha de actualización: 16 de Marzo de 2016] Disponible en http:// www.cofepris.gob.mx/AS/Documents/RegistroSanitarioMedicamentos/ Relación de Medicamentos Biotecnológicos de Referencia.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services/ Food and Drug Administration. International Confer ence on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline Q1D. Bracketing and Matrixing Designs for Stability Testing of Drug Substances and Dug Products. February 2002.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services/ Food and Drug Administration. International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline Q5C Stability testing of biotechnological / biological products. February 2002.
Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Adlard P, Preece MA. Risk of cancer in patients treated with human pituitary growth hormone in the UK, 1959-85: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002 Jul 27;360(9329):273-7.
Pedrajo-Zenteno CA. Farmacovigilancia. Comisión de evidencia y manejo de riesgos. Dirección Ejecutiva de Farmacopea y Farmacovigilancia. Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS). 14 Septiembre de 2012. Disponible en ww.cofepris.gob.mx/AS/Documents/RegistroSanitarioMedicamentos/ estructura de expedientes/16FV.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO). Technical Report Series, No. 992. Annex 4. General guidance on holdtime studies; 2015.
Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS). Informe de Seguridad. México: COFEPRIS. Disponible en http://www.cofepris. gob.mx/informedeseguridad
Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS). Lineamientos que establecen los requisitos que se deben cumplir para la Acreditación de los Certificados de Buenas Prácticas de Fabricación para la solicitud de Modificaciones, Prórrogas y Registros Sanitarios de Medicamentos. Ciudad de México, México; 2016.
Secretaría de Salud. NOM 059-SSA1-2015: Buenas prácticas de fabricación de medicamentos: Publicado en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 5 de febrero de 2016.
[No authors listed]. Critical evaluation of the safety of recombinant human growth hormone administration: statement from the Growth Hormone Research Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 May;86(5):1868-70.
Deodati A, Ferroli BB, Cianfarani S. Association between growth hormone therapy and mortality, cancer and cardiovascular risk: systematic review and meta-analysis. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2014 Aug;24 (4):105-11.
Stochholm K, Johannsson G. Reviewing the safety of GH replacement therapy in adults. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2015;25:149-57.
Hou L, Luo XP, Du ML, Ma HM, Gong CX, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human growth hormone solution in children with growth hormone deficiency in China: a multicenter trial. Zhonghua Er KeZaZhi. 2009;47:48-52.
Chae HW, Kim DH, Kim HS. Growth hormone treatment and risk of malignancy.Korean J Pediatr. 2015;58:41-6.
Allen DB, Backeljauw P, Bidlingmaier M, Biller BMK, Boguszewski M, Burman P, et al. GH safety workshop position paper: a critical appraisal of recombinant human GH therapy in children and adults. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Feb;174(2):P1-9.
Wilton P. Adverse Events reported in KIGS, en Ranke MB, Price DA, Reitere EO. Growth hormone therapy in pediatrics. 20 Years of KIGA. Switzerland: Karger; 2007. pp. 432-41.
Follin C, Thilen U, Osterberg K, Bjork J, Erfurth EM. Cardiovascular risk, cardiac function, physical activity, and quality of life with and without long-term growth hormone therapy in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3726-35.
Deal CL, Tony M, Hoybye C, Allen DB, Tauber M, Christiansen JS. 2011 Growth Hormone in Prader– Willi Syndrome Clinical Care Guidelines Workshop Participants Growth Hormone Research Society workshop summary: consensus guidelines for recombinant human growth hormone therapy in Prader– Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 98:E1072-87.
Wilson TA, Rose SR, Cohen P. Update of guidelines for the use of growth hormone in children: the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrinology Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee. J Pediatr. 2003;143: 415-21.
Deal CL, Tony M, Hoybye C, Allen DB, Tauber M, Christiansen JS;. 2011 Growth Hormone in Prader- Willi Syndrome Clinical Care Guidelines Workshop Participants. Growth Hormone Research Society workshop summary: consensus guidelines for recombinant human growth hormone therapy in Prader– Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1072-87.
Food and Drug Administration. MedWatch: The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program. Last Updated: 02/16/2017. Disponible en www. fda.gov/medwatch
Genotropin. Efectos secundarios. Pfizer: 2007-2017. Disponible en www.genotropin.com/es/efectos-secundarios
Ross J, Czernichow P, Biller BM. Growth hormone: health considerations beyond height gain. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e906-e918.
The Magic Foundation. Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children. Disponible en https://www. magicfoundation.org/Growth-Disorders/Growth -Hormone-Deficiency-in-Children/
Somatropin. ¿Cuáles son los efectos positivos y negativos de la hormona del crecimiento humano? Disponible en http://www.somatropin.cn/es/effects. html
Tanaka T, Cohen P, Clayton PE, Laron Z, Hintz RL, Sizonenko PC. Diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency in childhood and adolescence-- part 2: growth hormone treatment in growth hormone deficient children. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2002;12:323-41.
Carel JC, Ecosse E, Landier F. Long-term mortality after recombinant growth hormone treatment for isolated growth hormone deficiency or childhood short stature: preliminary report of the French SAGhE Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:416-25.
Poidvin A, Touze E, Ecosse E, Landier F, Bejot Y, Giroud M, et al. Growth hormone treatment for childhood short stature and risk of stroke in early adulthood. Neurology. 2014;83:780-6.
Rosenfeld RG, Cohen P, Robison LL. Long-term surveillance of growth hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:68-72.
Malozowski S. Reports of increased mortality and GH: will this affect current clinical practice? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:380-3.
Sperling MA. Long-term therapy with growth hormone: bringing sagacity to SAGHE. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:81-3.
Lanes R. Cardiovascular Risk in Growth Hormone Deficiency: Beneficial Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2016;45:405-18.
Cappa M, Iughetti L, Loche S, Maghnie M, Vottero A; GeNeSIS National Board on behalf of the GeNeSIS Italian Investigators Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in children with short stature: the Italian cohort of the GeNeSIS clinical study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39:667-77.
Abrams P, Boquete H, Fideleff H. GH replacement in hypopituitarism improves lipid profile and quality of life independently of changes in obesity variables. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159:825-32.
Poidvin A, Touzé E, Ecosse E, Landier F, Béjot Y, Giroud M, et al. Growth hormone treatment for childhood short stature and risk of stroke in early adulthood. Neurology. 2014 Aug 26;83(9):780-6.
Guyda HJ. Four decades of growth hormone therapy for short children: what have we achieved? J Clin Endocrinol Metab.1999;84:4307-16.
Kim Y, Hong JW, Chung YS, Kim SW, Cho YW, Kim JH, et al. Efficacy and safety of sustained-release recombinant human growth hormone in Korean adults with growth hormone deficiency. Yonsei Med J. 2014;55:1042-8.
Cittadini A, Marra AM, Arcopinto M, Bobbio E, Salzano A, Sirico D, et al. Growth hormone replacement delays the progression of chronic heart failure combined with growth hormone deficiency: an extension of a randomized controlled single-blind study. JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1:325-30.
Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, Johannsson G, Rapaport R, Rogol A. Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:804-10.
Cohen P, Rogol AD, Deal CL, Saenger P, Reiter EO, Ross JL, et al.; 2007 ISS Consensus Workshop participants. Consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic short stature: a summary of the Growth Hormone Research Society, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4210-7.
Bell J, Parker KL, Swinford RD, Hoffman AR, Maneatis T, Lippe B. Long-term safety of recombinant human growth hormone in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:167-77.
Fathallah N, Slim R, Larif S, Hmouda H, Ben Salem C. Drug-Induced Hyperglycaemia and Diabetes. Drug Saf. 2015;38:1153-68.
Raman S, Grimberg A, Waguespack SG, Miller BS, Sklar CA, Meacham LR. Risk of neoplasia in pediatric patients receiving growth hormone therapy – a report from the Pediatric Endocrine Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:2192-203.
Ho KK; 2007 GH Deficiency Consensus Workshop Participants. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with GH deficiency II: a statement of the GH Research Society in association with the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Lawson Wilkins Society, European Society of Endocrinology, Japan Endocrine Society, and Endocrine Society of Australia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157:695-700.
Ergun-Longmire B, Mertens AC, Mitby P, Qin J, Heller G, Shi W. Growth hormone treatment and risk of second neoplasms in the childhood cancer survivor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91: 3494-8.
Clayton PE, Cuneo RC, Juul A, Monson JP, Shalet SM, Tauber M; European Society of Paediatric Endocrinology Consensus statement on the management of the GH-treated adolescent in the transition to adult care. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;152:165-70.
Wang ZF, Chen HL. Growth hormone treatment and risk of recurrence or development of secondary neoplasms in survivors of pediatric brain tumors. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21:2155-9.
Hwang IT. Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment for children born small for gestational age. Korean J Pediatr. 2014;57:379-83.
Losa M, Beck-Peccoz P, Aimaretti G, Di Somma C, Ambrosio MR, Ferone D, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of Italian patients from the observational, multicentre, hypopituitary control and complications study (HypoCCS) according to tertiles of growth hormone peak concentration following stimulation testing at study entry. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;83: 527-35.
Borrás PV, López SJP, Martínez G, Corripio R, Fernández JM, Labarta JI, et al. A follow-up study to monitor adult height among Spanish children with growth hormone deficiency who received biosimilar human recombinant growth hormone (Omnitrope®) during a phase III clinical trial. Adv Ther. 2015 Feb; 32(2):148-56.
Höybye C, Christiansen JS. Growth hormone replacement in adults - current standards and new perspectives. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;29:115-23.
Van Varsseveld NC, van Bunderen CC, Ubachs DH, Franken AA, Koppeschaar HP, van der Lely AJ, et al. Cerebrovascular events, secondary intracranial tumors, and mortality after radiotherapy for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a subanalysis from the Dutch National Registry of Growth Hormone Treatment in Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:1104-12.
Jasim S, Alahdab F, Ahmed AT, Tamhane SU, Sharma A, Donegan D, et al. The effect of growth hormone replacement in patients with hypopituitarism on pituitary tumor recurrence, secondary cancer, and stroke. Endocrine. 2016 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
Iughetti L, Tornese G, Street ME, Napoli F, Giavoli C, Antoniazzi F, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of Omnitrope®, a somatropin biosimilar, in children requiring growth hormone treatment: Italian interim analysis of the PATRO Children study. Ital J Pediatr. 2016;42(1):93-7.
Jeong I, Kang E, Cho JH, Kim GH, Lee BH, Choi JH, et al. Long-term efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in short-statured patients with Noonan syndrome. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016;21:26-30.
Qie D, Yang F. Efficacy of different doses of recombinant human growth hormone in the treatment of short stature in children born small for gestational age. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2016;18:247-53.
Sävendahl L, Pournara E, Pedersen BT, Blankenstein O. Is safety of childhood growth hormone therapy related to dose? Data from a large observational study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;174:681-91.
Schwarz HP, Walczak M, Birkholz-Walerzak D, Szalecki M, Nanu M, Woehling H, et al. Two-Year Data from a Long-Term Phase IV Study of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age. Adv Ther. 2016;33:423-34.
Luzuriaga-Tomás C, Oyarzabal-Irigoyen M, Caveda- Cepas E, Vázquez-Salvi LA, García-Pérez LE. Safety and efficacy of growth hormone treatment: GeNeSIS study in Spain. An Pediatr (Barc). 2016;84:139-44.
Lanes R, Boguszewski CL, Calzada R, Cassorla F, Fideleff H, Boquete H. Growth Hormone Deficiency: Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood. Highlights from a Latin-American Serono Symposia International Foundation Conference. J Pediatric Endocrinol Metab. 2010;23:225-33.
Swerdlow AJ, Cooke R, Albertsson-Wikland K, Borgstrom B, Butler G, Cianfarani S. Description of the SAGhE Cohort: a large European study of mortality and cancer incidence risks after childhood treatment with recombinant growth hormone. Horm Res Paediatr. 2015;84:172-83.
Sklar CA, Mertens AC, Mitby P, Occhiogrosso G, Qin J, Heller G, et al. Risk of disease recurrence and second neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancer treated with growth hormone: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:3136-41.
Ergun-Longmire B, Mertens AC, Mitby P, Qin J, Heller G, Shi W, et al. Growth hormone treatment and risk of second neoplasms in the childhood cancer survivor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3494-8.
Patterson BC, Chen Y, Sklar CA, Neglia J, Yasui Y, Mertens A, et al. Growth hormone exposure as a risk factor for the development of subsequent neoplasms of the central nervous system: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:2030-7.
Carel JC, Butler G. Safety of recombinant human growth hormone. Endocr Dev. 2010;18:40-54.
Lindboe JB, Langkilde A, Eugen-Olsen J, Hansen BR, Haupt TH, Petersen J, et al. Low-dose growth hormone therapy reduces inflammation in HIVinfected patients: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Infect Dis (Lond). 2016;48:829-37.
Ranke MB. Growth Hormone Therapy in Pediatrics. 20 Years of KIKG. Alemania: Karger; 2006.
Pinto G, Cormier-Daire V, Le Merrer M, Samara- Boustani D, Baujat G, Fresneau L, et al. Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in children with hypochondroplasia: comparison with an historical cohort. Horm Res Paediatr. 2014;82:355-63.
Breederveld RS, Tuinebreijer WE. Recombinant human growth hormone for treating burns and donor sites. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 15; (9):CD008990.
Hou L, Chen ZH, Liu D, Cheng YG, Luo XP. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a PEGylated recombinant human growth hormone and daily recombinant human growth hormone in growth hormone-deficient children. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;10:13-22.
Massart F, Miccoli M, Baggiani A, Bertelloni S. Height outcome of short children with hypochondroplasia after recombinant human growth hormone treatment: a meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics. 2015;16: 1965-73.
Ng LL, Bhandari SS, Sandhu JK, Quinn PA, Squire IB, Davies JE, et al. Growth hormone for risk stratification and effects of therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Biomarkers. 2015;20:371-5.
Censani M, Oberfield SE. Using Growth Hormone Therapy in Children: Indications, Safety, and Efficacy. Medscape Education Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2016;oct 27.
Kolarova J, Ammerpohl O, Gutwein J, Welzel M, Baus I, Riepe FG, et al. In vivo investigations of the effect of short- and long-term recombinant growth hormone treatment on DNA-methylation in humans. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0120463.
Fernández-Pérez L, Nóvoa J, Stahlberg N, Santana- Farré R, Boronat M, Marrero D. The effect of in vivo growth hormone treatment on blood gene expression in adults with growth hormone deficiency reveals potential biomarkers to monitor growth hormone therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;72:800-6.
Welzel M, Appari M, Brämswig N, Riepe FG, Holterhus PM. Transcriptional response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to recombinant human growth hormone in a routine four-days IGF-1 generation test. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2011;21:336-42.
Gut P, Verdin E. The nexus of chromatin regulation and intermediary metabolism. Nature. 2013;502:489-98.
Ahrens M, Ammerpohl O, von Schönfels W, Kolarova J, Bens S, Itzel T. DNA methylation analysis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease suggests distinct disease-specific and remodeling signatures after bariatric surgery. Cell Metab. 2013;18:296-302.