Colchero MA, Zavala JA, Batis C, Shamah-Levy T, Rivera-Dommarco JA

Language: Spanish
References: 26
Page: 137-146
PDF size: 251.25 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Objective. To estimate changes in prices associated with the implementation of the tax to sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) and to nonessential energy dense food in 2014. Materials and methods. Price data were collected in rural and semi-rural areas in December 2013, and April and December 2014. Fixed effects models were used to estimate changes in prices of beverages and nonessential energy dense food, stratified by region, retailer and package size. Results. The SSB tax did not pass completely through prices: prices increased on average 0.73 pesos per liter. For nonessential energy dense food, the tax passed completely or was overshifted for cookies, cereal bars and cereal boxes. Conclusion. The potential effect of the taxes on consumption could be attenuated in rural areas as the pass through prices was incomplete.

REFERENCES

1. Barquera S, Campos-Nonato I, Hernandez-Barrera L, Pedroza A, Rivera-Dommarco JA. Prevalencia de obesidad en adultos mexicanos, ENSANUT 2012. Salud Publica Mex 2013;55 Suppl 2:S151-160. http://dx.doi. org/10.21149/spm.v55s2.5111

2. World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable disease. Switzerland: WHO, 2014 [consultado en mayo de 2016]. Disponible en: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/148114/1/9789241564854_eng.pdf?ua=1

3. Villalpando S, de la Cruz V, Rojas R, Shama-Levy T, Ávila MA, Gaona B, et al. Prevalence and distribution of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mexican adult population: a probabilistic survey. Salud Publica Mex 2010;52 Suppl 1:S19-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342010000700005

4. Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes care 2010;33(11):2477-2483. https:// doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1079

5. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(2):274-288.

6. Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies.BMJ 2013;346:e7492. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7492

7. Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 2007;97(4):667-675. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ AJPH.2005.083782

8. Perez-Escamilla R, Obbagy JE, Altman JM, et al. Dietary energy density and body weight in adults and children: a systematic review. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012;112(5):671-684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.01.020

9. World Cancer Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington DC: AICR, 2007.

10. Aburto TC, Pedraza LS, Sanchez-Pimienta TG, Batis C, Rivera JA. Discretionary Foods Have a High Contribution and Fruit, Vegetables, and Legumes Have a Low Contribution to the Total Energy Intake of the Mexican Population. J Nutr 2016;146(9):1881S-1887S. http://dx.doi. org/10.3945/ jn.115.219121

11. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L, et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation 2010;121(4):586- 613. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703

12. Batis C, Aburto TC, Sanchez-Pimienta TG, Pedraza LS, Rivera JA. Adherence to Dietary Recommendations for Food Group Intakes Is Low in the Mexican Population. J Nutr 2016;146(9):1897S-1906S. http://dx.doi. org/10.3945/ jn.115.219626

13. Delipalla S, O´Donell O. Estimating tax incidence, market power and market conduct: The European cigarrete industry. Int J Ind Organ 2001;19(6):885-908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7187(99)00057-0

14. Seade J. Profitable costs increases and the shifting of taxation: equilibrium responses of markets in oligopoly. Warwick Economic Research Papers Number 260 1985; https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/ research/workingpapers/1978-1988/twerp_260.pdf

15. Besley T, Rosen H. Sales taxes and prices: an empirical analysis. Natl Tax J 1998;52(2):157-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6667

16. Konrad K, Morath F, Muller W. Taxation and market power. Can J Econ 2014;47(1):173-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caje.12067

17. Colchero MA, Salgado JC, Unar-Munguia M, Molina M, Ng S, Rivera- Dommarco JA. Changes in prices after an excise tax to sweetened sugar beverages was implemented in Mexico: Evidence from Urban Areas. PLoS One 2015;10(12):e0144408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0144408

18. Colchero M, Unar M, Salgado J, Sverdlin D, Hernández-Ávila M, Rivera-Dommarco JA. Análisis del potencial del impuesto a refrescos en México como una estrategia de prevención de obesidad. 15 Congreso en Investigación en Salud Pública 2013.

19. Colchero MA, Salgado JC, Unar-Munguia M, Hernandez-Avila M, Rivera-Dommarco JA. Price elasticity of the demand for sugar sweetened beverages and soft drinks in Mexico. Economics and human biology 2015;19:129-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2015.08.007

20. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Índice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor: documento metodológico. México: Inegi, 2013.

21. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Indice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor, 2014 [consultado en enero de 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/preciospromedio_inpc/

22. Green W. Econometric analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008.

23. Dharmasena S, Capps O, Jr. Intended and unintended consequences of a proposed national tax on sugar-sweetened beverages to combat the U.S. obesity problem. Health economics 2012;21(6):669-694. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.1738

24. Sanchez-Pimienta TG, Batis C, Lutter CK, Rivera JA. Sugar-sweetened beverages are the main sources of added sugar intake in the mexican population. J Nutr 2016;146(9):1888S-1896S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ jn.115.220301

25. Consejo Nacional de Población. Proyecciones de la Población. Nacional 2010-2050. 2012 [consultado en enero de 2013]. Disponible en: http://www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Proyecciones_de_la_Poblacion_ 2010-2050

26. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso y Gastos de los Hogares 2014 [consultado el noviembre 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/ hogares/regulares/enigh/enigh2014/ncv/default.aspx